english grammar for univ purposes

CHAPTER 4

Kasmawita (F52212026)

Postgraduate Study of English Language Education

Teacher Training and Education FacultyUniversity of Tanjungpura

Pontianak2013

CONCEPTUALISING PATTERNS OF

EXPERIENCES

CONCEPTUALISING PATTERNS OF EXPERIENCES

Modul 13

MODUL 13

The Situation types:

The process (a technical term for the action (e.g. hit, run), state (e.g. have) or change of state (e.g. Melt, freeze) involved.

The participant(s) involved in the process (basically, who or what is doing what to whom).

The attributes ascribed to participants.

The circumstances attendant on the process, in term of time, place, manner, and so on.

• Dynamic situations and

processes involve something that

occures or happens

• They can be tested (What

happened?)

• Occur in Progressive Tense, (e.g.

Pete is going away) and

imperative (e.g. Go away, Pete!)

• Stative situations and processes

are conceived of as durative over

time.

• Existing rather than happening.

• Not occur in Progressive or

Imperative Tense

(e.g. *Pete is seeming kind.

*Hear a noise)

•

•

•

Fred bought a new shirt in Oxford Street yesterday

Participant Process Participant Circumstances Circumstances

At the present time

the state of economy

is critical

circumstances Participant Process attribute

Types of process

• Material processes are process of doing (e.g.

Kick, run, eat, give) or happening (e.g.

fall, meet, collapse, slip).

• Mental processes, or process of experiencing or

sensing (e.g. see, hear, feel, know, like, want)

• Relational processes, or process of being (e.g.

be, seem) in which a participant is characterised/

identified/situated circumtantially

Actualised participants Unactualised participants

Ted kicked the ball Ted kicked hard

Mary gave the Red Cross a donation Mary gave generously

Do you drive? (a car)

Have you eaten yet? (lunch/dinner)

Our team is winning (the match/race)I can’t see from here (the screen, the time ...)

Valency examples

Monovalent The ice melt

Bivalent Postman rides a motorcyle

Trivalent Mary gave the Red Cross a donation

Modul 14

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•

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14.1. Agent and Affected In Voluntary Processes of ‘Doing’

Agent Process

The Prime Minister resigned

We sat down

Agent Process Affected

Ted hit Bill

Pele kicked the ball

The porter is carrying our baggage

Affected Material process Agent

Bill was hit by Ted

The ball was kicked by Pele

Our baggage is being carried by the porter

2. Force

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•

•

Force Process Affected

The volcano erupted

Lightning struck the oak tree

An earthquake destroyed most of the city

Anxiety can ruin your health

3. Affected Subject of Involuntary Processesof ‘Happening’

•

•

Affected Subject Involuntary process Circumstance

Jordan slipped on the ice

The children have grown

The roof collapsed

The vase fell off the shelf

•

Initiating Agent Process Affected

Paul opened the door

Pat boiled the water

I rang the bell

Ergative pairs account for many of the most commonly used verbs in English, some of which are listed below, with examples:

burn I’ve burned the toast. The toast has burned.

break The wind broke the branches. The branches broke.

burst She burst the balloon. The balloon burst.

close He closed his eyes. His eyes closed.

cook I’m cooking the rice. The rice is cooking.

fade The sun has faded the carpet. The carpet has faded.

freeze The low temperature has frozen the milk. The milk has frozen.

Agent Process Affected Resulting Attribute

They are making the road wider and safer.

This machine will make your tasks simple.

The heat has turned the milk sour.

Pat had her face lifted.

3.

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•

•

•

•

3.

Ed broke the glass active

The glass was broken (by Ed) be-passive

The glass got broken get-passive

The glass was already broken copular (state)

The glass broke (anti-causative)

Glass breaks easily (pseudo-intransitive)

There are three participants in the processes of transfer: Agent, Affected and Recipient or Beneficiary.

The Recipient is a central participant in three-participant processes such as give. It encodes the one who receives the transferred material.

The Beneficiary is the optional, non-central participant in three-participant processes such as fetch. It represents the one for whom some service is done.

Ed gave the cat a bit of tuna.

Bill’s father has lent us his car.

Have you paid the taxi-driver the right amount?

Example Participant(s) Type

The Prime Minister resigned Agent doing (intrans.)

Ed kicked the ball Agent + Affected doing (trans.)

The volcano erupted Force doing (intrans.)

The dog died Affected happening (intrans.)

Ed broke the glass Agent initiator + Aff/Medium causative-trans.

The glass broke Affected/Medium anti-causative

Glass breaks easily Affected pseudo-intrans.

The glass was broken (by Ed) Affected (+ optional Agent) passive

The glass got broken Affected get-passive

They made the road wider Ag. + Aff + Attribute analytical causative

Ed gave the cat a bit of tuna Ag. + Rec + Aff transfer (trans.)

Thank you