english grammar for univ purposes
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 4
Kasmawita (F52212026)
Postgraduate Study of English Language Education
Teacher Training and Education FacultyUniversity of Tanjungpura
Pontianak2013
CONCEPTUALISING PATTERNS OF
EXPERIENCES
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CONCEPTUALISING PATTERNS OF EXPERIENCES
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Modul 13
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MODUL 13
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The Situation types:
The process (a technical term for the action (e.g. hit, run), state (e.g. have) or change of state (e.g. Melt, freeze) involved.
The participant(s) involved in the process (basically, who or what is doing what to whom).
The attributes ascribed to participants.
The circumstances attendant on the process, in term of time, place, manner, and so on.
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• Dynamic situations and
processes involve something that
occures or happens
• They can be tested (What
happened?)
• Occur in Progressive Tense, (e.g.
Pete is going away) and
imperative (e.g. Go away, Pete!)
• Stative situations and processes
are conceived of as durative over
time.
• Existing rather than happening.
• Not occur in Progressive or
Imperative Tense
(e.g. *Pete is seeming kind.
*Hear a noise)
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Fred bought a new shirt in Oxford Street yesterday
Participant Process Participant Circumstances Circumstances
At the present time
the state of economy
is critical
circumstances Participant Process attribute
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Types of process
• Material processes are process of doing (e.g.
Kick, run, eat, give) or happening (e.g.
fall, meet, collapse, slip).
• Mental processes, or process of experiencing or
sensing (e.g. see, hear, feel, know, like, want)
• Relational processes, or process of being (e.g.
be, seem) in which a participant is characterised/
identified/situated circumtantially
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Actualised participants Unactualised participants
Ted kicked the ball Ted kicked hard
Mary gave the Red Cross a donation Mary gave generously
Do you drive? (a car)
Have you eaten yet? (lunch/dinner)
Our team is winning (the match/race)I can’t see from here (the screen, the time ...)
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Valency examples
Monovalent The ice melt
Bivalent Postman rides a motorcyle
Trivalent Mary gave the Red Cross a donation
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Modul 14
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14.1. Agent and Affected In Voluntary Processes of ‘Doing’
Agent Process
The Prime Minister resigned
We sat down
Agent Process Affected
Ted hit Bill
Pele kicked the ball
The porter is carrying our baggage
Affected Material process Agent
Bill was hit by Ted
The ball was kicked by Pele
Our baggage is being carried by the porter
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2. Force
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Force Process Affected
The volcano erupted
Lightning struck the oak tree
An earthquake destroyed most of the city
Anxiety can ruin your health
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3. Affected Subject of Involuntary Processesof ‘Happening’
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Affected Subject Involuntary process Circumstance
Jordan slipped on the ice
The children have grown
The roof collapsed
The vase fell off the shelf
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Initiating Agent Process Affected
Paul opened the door
Pat boiled the water
I rang the bell
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Ergative pairs account for many of the most commonly used verbs in English, some of which are listed below, with examples:
burn I’ve burned the toast. The toast has burned.
break The wind broke the branches. The branches broke.
burst She burst the balloon. The balloon burst.
close He closed his eyes. His eyes closed.
cook I’m cooking the rice. The rice is cooking.
fade The sun has faded the carpet. The carpet has faded.
freeze The low temperature has frozen the milk. The milk has frozen.
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Agent Process Affected Resulting Attribute
They are making the road wider and safer.
This machine will make your tasks simple.
The heat has turned the milk sour.
Pat had her face lifted.
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3.
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3.
Ed broke the glass active
The glass was broken (by Ed) be-passive
The glass got broken get-passive
The glass was already broken copular (state)
The glass broke (anti-causative)
Glass breaks easily (pseudo-intransitive)
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There are three participants in the processes of transfer: Agent, Affected and Recipient or Beneficiary.
The Recipient is a central participant in three-participant processes such as give. It encodes the one who receives the transferred material.
The Beneficiary is the optional, non-central participant in three-participant processes such as fetch. It represents the one for whom some service is done.
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Ed gave the cat a bit of tuna.
Bill’s father has lent us his car.
Have you paid the taxi-driver the right amount?
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Example Participant(s) Type
The Prime Minister resigned Agent doing (intrans.)
Ed kicked the ball Agent + Affected doing (trans.)
The volcano erupted Force doing (intrans.)
The dog died Affected happening (intrans.)
Ed broke the glass Agent initiator + Aff/Medium causative-trans.
The glass broke Affected/Medium anti-causative
Glass breaks easily Affected pseudo-intrans.
The glass was broken (by Ed) Affected (+ optional Agent) passive
The glass got broken Affected get-passive
They made the road wider Ag. + Aff + Attribute analytical causative
Ed gave the cat a bit of tuna Ag. + Rec + Aff transfer (trans.)
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Thank you