energy in a cell ch 9 v. hassell. energy in a cell work is done in the body as it moves and...

Energy in a Cell

Ch 9

V. Hassell

Energy in a Cell

• Work is done in the body as it moves and functions.

• It requires energy to do so. • While food provides the raw material,

it must be broken down into simpler substances like glucose to be used.

• The form of energy the cells use is called ATP.

• The breakdown of glucose in the cycles produces the A TP the body needs.

• (Wood, oil and solar energy all are sources of energy, but appliances must have them converted into electricity to use

it).

ATP-• Adenosine Tri-phosphate is made

up of 1 adenine molecule

• 1 ribose sugar and 3 phosphates

• . The energy it provides is from the breaking of the phosphate bonds.

• ATP is like a charged battery which supplies the cells energy-

• The energy is released when it is broken down & releases a phosphate

ADP is formed-• like a dead battery which can

be recharged with additional energy and replacing the phosphate

• ADP + energy (sunlight) + 1 phosphate -produces ATP

Light reactions- Photosynthesis

• Autotrophs- using chlorophyll, captures sunlight and produce glucose (carbohydrates, fatty acids & cellulose) in the process of photosynthesis

• Chlorophyll appears green because it reflects green and yellow light.

• There are many types/colors of pigments- absorb other colors of light

Photosynthesis

• Carbon dioxide + water produces glucose + oxygen Chlorophyll + sunlight are needed.

• Light reaction- Light energy is converted to chemical energy. Water molecules are split providing hydrogen for the Calvin Cycle. Oxygen is given off as a by product

Calvin Cycle• the synthesis part of photosynthesis

• Energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll molecule in the thylakoid.

• The passing along of this energy along a series of molecules is called

the electron transport chain.

1. Electron transport chains

• electrons pass down the chain the energy is stored in the bonds of A TP- The energy is from light & the chlorophyll molecule.

• http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/etc.html

1. Electron transport chains

• The hydrogen and a freed electron is picked up by NADP

• The oxygen is a waste product from the reaction-the air you breathe The plant produces A TP , NADPH + H

Photolysis-

• water is split during photosynthesis.

2. The Calvin Cycle • Carbon fixation- a carbon atom of

carbon dioxide is fixed (attached) to a 5 carbon molecule.

• It takes CO2 from the air and converts it to a form that can be used by living

things 2. The Calvin Cycle • http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Bi

ology/Bio231/calvin.html 2. The Calvin Cycle

2. The Calvin Cycle • Takes place in stroma

(thylakoids) of the chloroplasts

• Carbon dioxide combines with

hydrogen to form sugars-

• ( carbohydrates, starch &

cellulose)

2. The Calvin Cycle

• These are used to provide energy to plants & animals when the carbohydrates are broken down to release energy.

Life without Light • Chemosynthesis-

• autotrophs obtains energy from inorganic compounds without light.

• Do not need oxygen- • Converts carbon dioxide and

Hydrogen gas to methane (CH4) Important in decomposition process Breaks downs sewage

Section 3 -Getting Energy to Make ATP

• Glucose, (fatty acids and amino

acids -sometimes) can be used as energy sources Energy from glucose is used to attach phosphate groups to ADP to form ATP

Section 3 - Respiration

• Process where food is broken down to release energy.

• It can be aerobic (needs oxygen) or anaerobic (no oxygen needed).

I. Glycolysis- Anaerobic• 6 carbon glucose forms 2- 3

carbon pyruvic acids Hydrogen ions & electrons combine with NAn to form NADH

• NADH- coenzyme used in photosynthesis

I. Glycolysis- Anaerobic• It produces 2 ATP for each

glucose which is broken down

• Takes place in cytoplasm

I. Glycolysis- with Oxygen •Aerobic- uses oxygen•- takes place in mitochondrion

Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid• pyruvic Acid-3.carbon

compound • -changed to-acetic acid (2

carbons ) • (The third carbon forms CO2) • Acetic acid combines with

coenzyme A-forming acetyl-CoA

2. Citric Acid Cycle • 2nd step of aerobic respiration

• produces more A TP & releases electrons which are picked up by NAD & FAD

• Acetyl-CoA combines with 4 Carbon molecules to form a 6 carbon molecule

2. Citric Acid Cycle

•Citric acid is broken down

• 1 st step- to a 5 carbon •2nd step- 4 carbon-

releasing CO2 each step

2. Citric Acid Cycle •In both glycolysis & citric acid cycle some ATP is formed.

•4th part of aerobic respiration

Electron Transport Chain • electrons are trasferred-

releasing energy. • Electrons from both glycolysis &

citric acid cycle used.• Occurs on inner membranes of

mitochondria

Electron Transport Chain • Aerobic reaction because the

last electron acceptor is oxygen which then forms water.

• If no oxygen is present the

chain stops.

Energy without Oxygen

• 3. Fermentation- no oxygen

• No additional ATP is

formed 2 types

Fermentation

• 1. lactic acid

• 2. alcohol fermentation

Fermentation • 1. lactic acid • fermentation- ~produces lactic

acid • occurs when the cells use more

energy than can be supplied-• it causes muscle fatigue

Fermentation

• 2. alcohol fermentation

• many bacteria and fungi such as

yeast carry out alcoholic

fermentation with alcohol &

carbon dioxide as the end

products.

Photosynthesis & Respiration are alike

• involve energy

• requires enzymes • occurs in specific organelles • involves moving electrons in

electron transport chains.

Different- opposite

ATP: Energy in a Molecule

• Work-done whenever anything moves

• Body does work & requires energy

• Energy provided in the form of work

Body Energy

• Used to maintain homeostasis• Cells need a form of energy

called ATP which is produced from the breakdown of food

• Coal or gas can not produce energy for appliances. Appliances need electricity. Coal & gas are used to produce electricity.

High energy foods

•Sugars• fats• starches

ATP- • Adenosine Triphosphate• 1 adenine• 3 phosphates• 1 ribose sugar• energy is released from breaking

the phosphate bonds

ATP-> ADP + energy

• ATP is needed in a constant & abundant supply for cellular energy or the cell will die.

• ATP-> ADP + energy• a battery which has electricity to

use and becomes discharged• ADP + energy-> ATP• ADP can become recharged with

the addition on energy & ATP

•Energy is stored when ATP is made from ADP + phosphate

•Energy is released when ATP breaks down to ADP + phosphate

Enzymes

•Carry out cell reactions•build membranes•build cell organelles

• The more active the cell- the more ATP needed

• The more mitochondria will be in the cell

• ex. Bird wings/muscles would contain high or low levels of mitochondria?

Section 10. 2 Light reactions- Photosynthesis

• The oxygen is a waste product from the reaction-the air you breathe

Section 10. 2 Light reactions- Photosynthesis

V. Hassell

1. Electron transport chain

• -as electrons pass down the chain the energy is stored in the bonds of ATP- The energy is from light & the chlorophyll molecule

1. Electron transport chain

• photosynthesis. • The hydrogen and a freed electron is

picked up by NADP–The oxygen is a waste product from the

reaction-the air you breathe• The plant produces ATP, NADPH + H

2. The Calvin Cycle

• Carbon fixation- a carbon atom of carbon dioxide is fixed (attached) to a 5 carbon molecule.

2. The Calvin Cycle

• It takes CO2 from the air and converts it to a form that can be used by living things.

• Takes place in stroma (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts

2. The Calvin Cycle

• Carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen to form sugars- (carbohydrates, starch & cellulose)

• These are used to provide energy to plants & animals when the carbohydrates are broken down to release energy.

Life without Light• Chemosynthesis- an autotroph

obtains energy from inorganic compounds without the use of light.

Do not need oxygen- may be poisoned by oxygen

• Converts carbon dioxide and Hydrogen gas to methane (CH4)

Important in decomposition process

• Breaks downs sewage• Bacteria-some methane producing

bacteria (prokayotes)–Found in marshes, lake sediments,

digestive tracts of ruminants (cows)• Also occurs near cracks in ocean

floor in Pacific Ocean.

Section 3 Getting Energy to Make ATP

• Energy from glucose is used to attach phosphate groups to ADP to form ATP

• Glucose, (fatty acids and amino acids -sometimes ) can be used as energy sources

Respiration

• Process where food is broken down to release energy.

• It can be aerobic (needs oxygen) or anaerobic (no oxygen needed).

Glycolysis• Anaerobic-6 carbon glucose

forms 2- 3 carbon pyruvic acids • Hydrogen ions & electrons

combine with NAD to form NADH

• NADH- coenzyme used in photosynthesis

Glycolysis

• It produces 2 ATP for each glucose which is broken down

• Takes place in cytoplasm

Releasing Energy with Oxygen

• Aerobic- uses oxygen- takes place in mitochondrion

• Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid

Releasing Energy with Oxygen

• Pyruvic Acid-3-carbon compound –changed to—acetic acid (2 carbons)

• (The third carbon forms CO2)• Acetic acid combines with

coenzyme A—forming acetyl-CoA

Citric Acid Cycle• 2nd step of aerobic respiration • produces more ATP & releases

electrons which are picked up by NAD & FAD

• Acetyl-CoA combines with 4 Carbon molecules to form a 6 carbon molecule

Citric Acid Cycle

• Citric acid is broken down • 1st step- to a 5 carbon • 2nd step- 4 carbon-releasing

CO2 each step

In both glycolysis

& citric acid cycle

some ATP is formed•

4th part of aerobic respiration

• Electron Transport Chain • electrons are trasfered, releasing

energy.• Electrons from both glycolysis &

citric acid cycle used.• Occurs on inner membranes of

mitochondria

4th part of aerobic respiration

• Aerobic reaction because the last electron acceptor is oxygen which then forms water. If no oxygen is present the chain stops.

Energy without Oxygen

•Fermentation- no oxygen

•No additional ATP is formed

2 types

• lactic acid fermentation- -produces lactic acid

•alcohol fermentation

lactic acid fermentation

• -produces lactic acid • occurs when the cells use

more energy than can be supplied- it causes muscle fatigue

alcohol fermentation

• many bacteria and fungi such as yeast carry out alcoholic fermentation with alcohol and carbon dioxide as the end products.

Photosynthesis & Respiration are alike

• involve energy • requires enzymes• occurs in specific organelles• involves moving electrons in

electron transport chains.• Different- opposite

Takes place in stroma (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts

• Life without Light– Do not need oxygen- may be poisoned by oxygen

Important in decomposition process

• Breaks downs sewage• Found in marshes, lake sediments,

digestive tracts of ruminants (cows)• Glucose, (fatty acids and amino acids -

sometimes ) can be used as energy sources

Important in decomposition process

• Respiration• Hydrogen ions & electrons combine with

NAD to form NADH • NADH- coenzyme used in photosynthesis

Releasing Energy with Oxygen

» Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid

– occurs when the cells use more energy than can be supplied- it causes muscle fatigue,

» Different- opposite