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Energy Efficiency in Electrical Networks Challenges Ahead
Prof. Peter KircheschVice President R&D AREVA T&D
2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTechBucharest/ROM, June 29 th, 2009
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.20093 3
Opening statement (1/2)
Improved Energy Efficiencymeans the more efficient (better) use of energy through energy savings and reduction of losses.
It is seen as the quickest, most effective and most cost-effective manner for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, others).
T&D contributions to Energy Efficiency will be discussed in this presentation
ChallengesAnswers (Technical solutions)
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.20094 4
Opening statement (2/2)
Electrical networks have to be prepared to accommodate the change in generation mix and load profiles considering:
Reliability
Efficiency
Sustainability
Affordability
This is not a new message, it will however remain valid for the future
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.20095 5
Challenges ahead
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.20096 6
World Electricity Generation (by Energy Source), 1990 - 2030
TWh
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Other renewables
27000
12000
15000
21000
Source: IEA 2007
RES (w/o hydro) will increase from 3 % to 14 % (2010 to 2030)
37000
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.20097 7
2600
3400
4200
210 280
950
50180
2500
60 80 160 15010
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
2000 2010 2030
Hydro Biomass Wind Geothermal Solar
World Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources, 2000 to 2030
TWh
Massive increase of wind power and biomass
Source: IEA World Energy Outlook
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.20098 8
Massive Integration of Wind Power (12.2008)
Wind generation is expected to grow to 240 GW by 2012 and to 1000 GW by 2020
< 1 GW
1 – 10 GW
> 10 GW
25 170 MW
16 754 MW
23 903 MW
12 210 MW
Source: Global Wind Energy Council 2008
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.20099 9
Onshore and Offshore
Alpha Ventus/GERoffshore
Studland Bay/AUS onshore
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200910 10
Interconnect Regions, Countries, NetworksAvoid Congestions
Enable Trading
European Priority Projects Main AxesSource: EU – TEN-E Priority Projects
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200911 11
Some facts
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200912 12
Some facts
Generation of electricityWorldwide 19 000 TWh (2006)
EU 27 3 500 TWh (2006)
EfficiencyEnergy consumption worldwide:
10 900 Mtoe equivalent to 127 000 TWh
About 40 % of the primary energy (50 800 TWh) is used to generate the electrical energy (19 000 TWh)
Efficiency 19 000/50 800 = 37.4 %
Source: EU Electra Sherpa WG 1 04.09.2007
About 60 % of the primary energy is lost and released to the atmosphere
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200913 13
Energy efficiency – full chain
►Supply side (loss reduction)
►Demand side (energy savings)
Primary energy Electrical energy
60 %*
Transmission Distribution
Lighting systemsProcess automationMotors Drives
5 - 6 %***3 - 4 % **Losses:
* Mean value. Old: 70 %; CHP: 15 %*** Transformers 3 %, Cables 3%** depending on line length and voltage level up to 20 – 25 %
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200914 14
Economics
Energy lossesDepending on network structure 7 % to 30 % (incl. non technical losses)
In Europe about 7 % to 8 %
CostsTotal consumption Europe (EU 27) about 3 500 TWhp.a.
1 MWh is about 40 € (average market clearing price) i.e. 1 TWh is worth 40 M€
Losses: 7 % of 3 500 TWh = 245 TWh are equ. to 9.8 b€
A loss reduction of 1 % is worth 1.4 b€ p.a.
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200915 15
However
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200916 16
Contribution of fuel type to electricity generation 2007
North America
Each region/country has its own needs
IEA 2008
67%
13% 19%1%
Thermal HydroNuclear Renewables
40%57%
2% 1%
Thermal HydroNuclear Renewables
59%
17% 21%3%
Thermal HydroNuclear Renewables
Latin America
Europe
80%
18%2% 0%
Thermal HydroNuclear Renewables
Africa
89%
9% 0% 2%
Thermal HydroNuclear Renewables
80%
14% 5% 1%
Thermal HydroNuclear Renewables
Asia
Pacific
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200917 17
Some technical answers (not exhaustive)
Integration of wind energyBulk power transmissionReactive power compensationPrimary products
Substations (smaller footprint)Increase transformer efficiency
More network intelligenceNetwork reinforcement
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200918 18
Multi-Terminal HVDC Solutions
Source: Airtricity/Riso lab/DK
Connect off-shore wind parks
European wind atlas off-shore
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200919 19
Offshore versus Onshore
More wind Less visual impact
AccessibilityNetwork connectionCosts
Robin Rigg/UK Studland Bay, Tasmania/AUS
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200920 20
Challenges
Bring the energy to the consumerRespect grid codesReal time network mgt
ForecastingGeneration mix mgtReserve mgt
..the high pressure area will move from the Azores to the North Sea...
Source: EWEA, Wind Energy –The Facts March 2009 (left)
All hardwareTurbinesPlatformsElectrical equipment etc.
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200921 21
Robin Rigg UK (Irish Sea)
► Commissioned: 07.2009► Power: 60 x 3 MW = 180 MW► AC connection► Cable length: 12 km (9 km
submarine cable)► Water depth: about 30 m
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200922 22
Alpha Ventus GER (North Sea)
► Commissioned: 2009► Power: 12 x 5 MW = 60 MW► AC connection► Cable length: 45 km► Water depth: about 40 m
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200923 23
Some technical answers (not exhaustive)
Integration of wind energyBulk power transmissionReactive power compensationPrimary products
Substations (smaller footprint)Increase transformer efficiency
More network intelligenceNetwork reinforcement
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200924 24
Bulk Power Transmission HVDC Prospects 600kV-800kV
In-service dates
+600kV/4000MW+1000kV/9500MW
Yunnan-Guangdong: 2009Xiangliaba-Shanghai: 2011Jingping-East China: 2012Xiluodu-Hunan: 2014Humeng-Shandong: 2015Nuozhadu-Guangdong: 2015Xiluodu-Hanzhou: 2015Humeng-Tianjing: 2016Jinsha River I-East China: 2016Humeng-Liaoning: 2018Jinsha River II-Fujian: 2018Hami-Central China: 2018Jinsha River II-East China: 2019
Irkutsk (Russia)-Beijing 2015Chicken Neck
4 terminal 800kVAgra 1: 2009Agra 2: 2011Bangalore 1 2013Bangalore 2 2015
WestCoreach 3 terminal
South W 2012South E 2013
WestCor4 terminal
North 2018
Northern Lights600kV 2014-2020
Madeira 600kV2012
Melo 600kV2011
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200925
Challenge: UHVDC Products 800 kV 6400 MW
Converter transformer
Bushings
Valve
ProductsValveConverter transformerBushings
TransformerWall bushing
u-i measurementBy-pass switchControls
By-pass switch
Massive R&D investment 6“ Thyristors
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200926
Bulk power transmission 1100 kV AC in China
Nanyang S/sShunt reactor: 3 x240 Mvar
Jindongnan S/sTransfo: 3000 MVA
Shunt reactor: 3x320 Mvar
Jinmen S/sTransfo: 3000 MVA
Shunt reactor: 3x320 Mvar
Nanyang
Jindongnan
Jingmen
Jincheng
Wuhan
Douli
Guangzhou
GIS and H-GIS Technology are in use
Source: Y.Shu Electra Nr. 242 February 2009
359 km
281 km
Energized in 01/2009
500 kV1100 kV
Jiuan
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200927
1100 kV in China
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200928 28
DC systems embedded in AC networks (Supergrids)
AC
Grid
AC
Grid
AC
Reactive power compensation on both ends
More transmission capacity via the AC line
DC
AC
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200929 29
Some technical answers (not exhaustive)
Integration of wind energyBulk power transmissionReactive power compensationPrimary products
Substations (smaller footprint)Increase transformer efficiency
More network intelligenceNetwork reinforcement
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200930
More utilization of FACTS devices
STATCOM GlenbrookUSA
Dynamic control of voltage, impedance and phase angle of high voltage AC transmission lines. Better utilization of existing and new oh-linesIncrease power qualityImproved dynamic stability
SVC St.Johns Wood UK
Stability, Energy efficiency
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200931 31
Total SVC Rating5.6 GVar (2008)
Installations by competitors:Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC)
AREVA T&D Installations:Saturated Reactor (SR)Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC)Relocatable Static Var Compensation
(RSVC)STATCOM
DC
Iron Acton
DC
SVC (UK network)
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200932 32
Iron Acton RSVCs
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200933 33
Iron Acton RSVCs
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200934 34
Some technical answers (not exhaustive)
Integration of wind energyBulk power transmissionReactive power compensationPrimary products
Substations (smaller footprint)Increase transformer efficiency
More network intelligenceNetwork reinforcement
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200935 35
1973 100 %
1985 26 %
1999 17 %
Reduction in footprint 245 kV GIS
Volume reduction by a factor of 6 in 32 years
2005 16 %,but for 300 kV
Reduction of losses by bringing thehighest possible voltage close to theconsumer
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200936 36
Low loss transformers
TransformersLow-loss transformers
Amorphous core materials
Design modifications- high quality GOS
- copper wires
- lower magnetic induction
The efficiency is 97.5% to 99.4 % at 40% to 50% loading. The transformer is not always operated at maximum efficiency, therefore the overall efficiency is about 90 %.
Use of amorphous steel instead of GOS reduces the no-load losses by 70 - 80 %.
Distribution transformer
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200937 37
Some technical answers (not exhaustive)
Integration of wind energyBulk power transmissionReactive power compensationPrimary products
Substations (smaller footprint)Increase transformer efficiency
More network intelligenceNetwork reinforcement
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200938
Dynamic loading/monitoring
Dynamic loading/monitoringIncrease utilisation of existing transmission capacity through real-time information
Monitoring systems to deliver exact statements of operating conditions of assets
Power transformer
Overhead line
Monitoring system
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200939
Network management solutionsDecentralised generation issues (millions of sources)
Fast changing generation and load profilesReversal of power flowForecasting, risk assessment
Real-time data management and visualisationDemand side management
Smart metering- Transparent information to
customer (tariffs etc.)
Congestion management
More intelligent networks
Control room
ICT will allow real time management of the full chain
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200940 40
Visualisation and Decision Support
Situation Awareness with WAMS
World map with voltage contour
Visualization for Wide Area SecurityGuide operator with re-despatching actions
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200941 41
Some technical answers (not exhaustive)
Integration of wind energyBulk power transmissionReactive power compensationPrimary products
Substations (smaller footprint)Increase transformer efficiency
More network intelligenceNetwork reinforcement
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200942 42
Back-to-BackHVDC
ERCOT
Central/EasternSeaboard
Quebec
West Coast
Canada
USA
Long distance DC transmission
Nelson River
Pacific Intertie
Neptune projectLong Island – New Jersey660 MW 105 km
Transbay cableSan Francisco400 MW 88 km
Under construction
Intermountain
Quebec – New England
USA/Canada network structure and b-t-b links
HVDC links in Europe
1. Gotland link (1954/70/83/87)2. Cross Channel (1961/86)3. SACOI (1965/93)4. Konti-Skan (1965/88/2007)5. Skagerrak (1976/77/93/2012)6. FennoSkan (1989/2010)7. Baltic Cable (1994)8. Kontek (1995)9. SwePol (1999)10. GRITA Italy-Greece (2000)11. Moyle (2001)12. Estlink (2006)13. NorNed (2008)14. SAPEI (2008)15. BritNed (2010)16. Storebælt (2010)17. COMETA (2010)
..... not yet commissioned
..... under study
1
2
Madrid
Paris
Berlin
Brussels
London
Dublin
Lisbon
Reykjavik
Bern
Praha
Wien
Rome
Zagreb
Bratislava
Budapest
Sarajevo
Belgrade
Podgorica
Bucharest
Sofia
Skopje
Athens
Warsaw
Minsk
Vilnius
Riga
StockholmOslo
16
Helsinki
3
14
10
17
15
13
54
12
6
9
7 8
11
Libya
Tirana
Kiev
Ankara
UCTE
IPS/UPS
Nordel
UKTSOA
ATSOI
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200944 44
European Priority Projects EL 8
Source: EU – TEN-E Priority Projects
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200945 45
UCTE Central East/IPS_UPS
Source: UCTE IPS/UPS Feasibility study November 2008
Nine lines exist, no longer in use
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200946 46
Conclusion
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200947 47
Conclusion
Further improvement of Energy Efficiency at the level of generation, transmission, distribution and also final use of energy will certainly be dependent on technological evolution
Only through joint forces of politics, power sector, industry and the academic world sustainable energy systems can become reality
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200948 48
There is still a lot to do...
Puffing Billy 1825 24 km/h
Maglev 2003 501 km/h
TGV 2007575 km/h
The limits of technical developments are not predictable
IEEE Bucharest 29.06.200949 49
AREVA T&D
Thank you Mulţumesc
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