endopterygotes. endopterygota (=holometabola) major change in life pattern exopterygota egg...

ENDOPTERYGOTES

ENDOPTERYGOTA (=HOLOMETABOLA)

Major Change in Life Pattern

Exopterygota

Egg Nymph Adult

Endopterygota

Egg Larva Pupa Adult

Changes needed in becoming an endopterygote

1. Larval musculature - not functional in adult

2. Change in gut

3. Mouthpart modifications

Are there intermediates?

Aleyrodidae - whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha)

- histolysis of nymphal organs- wing development is external

Are there intermediates?

Aleyrodidae - whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha)

- histolysis of nymphal organs- wing development is external

Thrips (Thysanoptera)

- histolysis of nymphal intestine, salivary glands, head and thoracic muscles; brain shifts from thorax in nymph to head in "pupa" and

adult- wing development is external

Metamorphosis - how do they do it?

Metamorphosis - how do they do it?

Endopterygota

MecopteraSiphonaptera

TrichopteraLepidoptera

? StrepsipteraStrepsiptera

Some larval epidermis is retained

All adult cuticle is from imaginal discs

Primitive groups retain larval epidermis, in advanced groups all adult cuticle is from imaginal discs

Primitive groups retain larval epidermis, in advanced groups all adult cuticle is from imaginal discs

Megaloptera

Rhaphidioptera

Neuroptera

Coleoptera

Occurrence of Imaginal Discs

Metamorphosis - waste products

DeaminationProtein breakdown

Ammonia - toxic

Uric acid

Meconium

Predominance of the Endopterygota

Insecta

Archaeognatha

Thysanura

Pterygota

Paleoptera

Neoptera

Orthopteroids

Hemipteroids

Endopterygota

Megaloptera

Rhaphidioptera

Neuroptera

DipteraMecopteraSiphonaptera

TrichopteraLepidoptera

Coleoptera

? Strepsiptera

Hymenoptera

Phylogeny of Insects

Neuropteroid Orders

Endopterygota

Megaloptera

Rhaphidioptera

Neuroptera

DipteraMecopteraSiphonaptera

TrichopteraLepidoptera

Coleoptera

? Strepsiptera

Hymenoptera

NEUROPTEROID ORDERS(NEUROPTIDA)

NEUROPTERA(antlions, lacewings)

MEGALOPTERA(Dobsonflies, alderflies)

RHAPHIDIOPTERA(snakeflies)

STREPSIPTERA(twisted wing parasites)

500 400 300 200 100 0

EntognathaArchaeognatha

Zygentoma = Thysanura) EphemeropteraOdonataPlecopteraEmbiodea ZorapteraDermapteraGrylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea?

OrthopteraPhasmatodeaBlattariaIsoptera Mantodea Psocoptera PhthirapteraThysanopteraHemiptera

Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera MegalopteraNeuroptera HymenopteraMecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera StrepsipteraTrichoptera Lepidoptera

Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous

Holometabola

Neoptera

Insecta

Pterygota

Apterygotes

Paleoptera

Hemimetabolous

Holometabolous

Hexapoda

Weigman et al, 2009

Mecoptera

Siphonaptera

Diptera

Lepidoptera

Trichoptera

Neuroptera

MegalopteraRhaphidionaptera

Coleoptera

Strepsiptera

Hymenoptera

HEMIMETABOLOUSCarboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous

Molecular evidence

Mecoptera

Siphonaptera

Diptera

Lepidoptera

Trichoptera

Neuroptera

Megaloptera

Rhaphidioptera

Coleoptera

Strepsiptera

Hymenoptera

Comparison of Phylogenies

Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera MegalopteraNeuroptera HymenopteraMecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Strepsiptera

Trichoptera Lepidoptera

Megaloptera

Rhaphidioptera

Neuroptera

DipteraMecopteraSiphonaptera

TrichopteraLepidoptera

Coleoptera

? Strepsiptera

Hymenoptera

1. Sister group to the Endopterygota 2. Within the coleopteran suborder Polyphaga 3. Sister group to Coleoptera

4. Sister group to true flies (Diptera)

Placement of the Strepsiptera

Strepsiptera

Number of Species

Common names

Distinguishing characteristics

Other features

Typical habitats

Hexapod Orders

500

Twisted wing parasites, strepsipterans

Parasites of other insects

-reduced life stages-triungulin larva-forewings are halteres

Strepsi - twisted, ptera - wing

-wings with few veins-females - breed while larval

Strepsiptera - features

Males - ‘ raspberry eye’

Forewings = halteres

Strepsiptera - Life cycle

Triungulin (1st instar larva)hatches

Seeks host

Oral secretions soften host cuticle

Host endocuticle detaches and surrounds parasite

Moults - 2nd and 3rd instar-legless grub

Pupation

Female stays in host

Male leaves to seek mate

Mating

Host cuticle

Cephalothorax

Brood canal Genital

pore

Female larval cuticle

Strepsiptera - Males

Strepsiptera - Females

Strepsiptera - mating

sperm

= oocyte

Strepsiptera - Life cycle

Triungulin (1st instar larva)hatches

Seeks host

Oral secretions soften host cuticle

Host endocuticle detaches and surrounds parasite

Moults - 2nd and 3rd instar-legless grub

Pupation

Female stays in host

Male leaves to seek mate

Mating

Host cuticle

Cephalothorax

Brood canal Genital

pore

Female larval cuticle

Neuroptera

Number of Species

Common names

Distinguishing characteristics

Other features

Typical habitats

Hexapod Orders

5000

Lacewings, antlions

Variable

-numerous crossveins in wing-larvae with incomplete gut

Neuro - nerve, ptera - wing

-most primitive endopterygote-predaceous larvae

Neuroptera - who are they?

Lacewings

Adults - predatory or pollen feeders

Larvae - predatory

Neuroptera - who are they?

Mantispidae

-convergent evolution with Mantodea

Neuroptera - who are they?

Antlions

Neuroptera - who are they?

Antlions

Larvae construct pits to trap prey

Neuroptera - who are they?

Antlions

Modifications for anchoring

Antlion

Native Representations

Mimbres people were prehistoric Native Americans who lived from around C.E. 200 to 1350 in what is now southwestern New Mexico.

Mimbres bowl

Neuroptera - who are they?

Sisyridae - spongilla flies

Neuroptera - who are they?

Sisyridae - spongilla flies

Eggs laid overhanging vegetation

3 larval instars

Overwinter as 3rd instar or prepupa

Adults live 2 weeks

Crawl to bank& pupate

2- 5 generations

Hatch and parasitize sponges

Megaloptera

Number of Species

Common names

Distinguishing characteristics

Other features

Typical habitats

Hexapod Orders

300

Dobsonflies, alderflies

Variable , larvae - aquatic

Megalo - large, ptera - wing

-predatory larvae with complete gut-anal fold in wing

-pronotum slightly extended-mandibles in adult not used

Megaloptera - who are they?

Adult

Larva - “hellgrammite”

Megaloptera - who are they?

Adult

Dobsonfly - predator

Megaloptera - who are they?

Life cycle

Adults mate

Eggs laid overhanging water

Eggs hatch & larvae drop into stream/pond

Hellgrammite larva

Pupate in earthen cell

Raphidioptera

Number of Species

Common names

Distinguishing characteristics

Other features

Typical habitats

Hexapod Orders

225

snakeflies

Raphidio - needle, ptera - wing

Forests - found west of Rockies

-greatly extended pronotum

-adults and larvae predatory