endopterygotes. endopterygota (=holometabola) major change in life pattern exopterygota egg...
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ENDOPTERYGOTES
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ENDOPTERYGOTA (=HOLOMETABOLA)
Major Change in Life Pattern
Exopterygota
Egg Nymph Adult
Endopterygota
Egg Larva Pupa Adult
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Changes needed in becoming an endopterygote
1. Larval musculature - not functional in adult
2. Change in gut
3. Mouthpart modifications
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Are there intermediates?
Aleyrodidae - whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha)
- histolysis of nymphal organs- wing development is external
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Are there intermediates?
Aleyrodidae - whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha)
- histolysis of nymphal organs- wing development is external
Thrips (Thysanoptera)
- histolysis of nymphal intestine, salivary glands, head and thoracic muscles; brain shifts from thorax in nymph to head in "pupa" and
adult- wing development is external
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Metamorphosis - how do they do it?
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Metamorphosis - how do they do it?
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Endopterygota
MecopteraSiphonaptera
TrichopteraLepidoptera
? StrepsipteraStrepsiptera
Some larval epidermis is retained
All adult cuticle is from imaginal discs
Primitive groups retain larval epidermis, in advanced groups all adult cuticle is from imaginal discs
Primitive groups retain larval epidermis, in advanced groups all adult cuticle is from imaginal discs
Megaloptera
Rhaphidioptera
Neuroptera
Coleoptera
Occurrence of Imaginal Discs
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Metamorphosis - waste products
DeaminationProtein breakdown
Ammonia - toxic
Uric acid
Meconium
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Predominance of the Endopterygota
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Insecta
Archaeognatha
Thysanura
Pterygota
Paleoptera
Neoptera
Orthopteroids
Hemipteroids
Endopterygota
Megaloptera
Rhaphidioptera
Neuroptera
DipteraMecopteraSiphonaptera
TrichopteraLepidoptera
Coleoptera
? Strepsiptera
Hymenoptera
Phylogeny of Insects
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Neuropteroid Orders
Endopterygota
Megaloptera
Rhaphidioptera
Neuroptera
DipteraMecopteraSiphonaptera
TrichopteraLepidoptera
Coleoptera
? Strepsiptera
Hymenoptera
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NEUROPTEROID ORDERS(NEUROPTIDA)
NEUROPTERA(antlions, lacewings)
MEGALOPTERA(Dobsonflies, alderflies)
RHAPHIDIOPTERA(snakeflies)
STREPSIPTERA(twisted wing parasites)
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500 400 300 200 100 0
EntognathaArchaeognatha
Zygentoma = Thysanura) EphemeropteraOdonataPlecopteraEmbiodea ZorapteraDermapteraGrylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea?
OrthopteraPhasmatodeaBlattariaIsoptera Mantodea Psocoptera PhthirapteraThysanopteraHemiptera
Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera MegalopteraNeuroptera HymenopteraMecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera StrepsipteraTrichoptera Lepidoptera
Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous
Holometabola
Neoptera
Insecta
Pterygota
Apterygotes
Paleoptera
Hemimetabolous
Holometabolous
Hexapoda
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Weigman et al, 2009
Mecoptera
Siphonaptera
Diptera
Lepidoptera
Trichoptera
Neuroptera
MegalopteraRhaphidionaptera
Coleoptera
Strepsiptera
Hymenoptera
HEMIMETABOLOUSCarboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous
Molecular evidence
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Mecoptera
Siphonaptera
Diptera
Lepidoptera
Trichoptera
Neuroptera
Megaloptera
Rhaphidioptera
Coleoptera
Strepsiptera
Hymenoptera
Comparison of Phylogenies
Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera MegalopteraNeuroptera HymenopteraMecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Strepsiptera
Trichoptera Lepidoptera
Megaloptera
Rhaphidioptera
Neuroptera
DipteraMecopteraSiphonaptera
TrichopteraLepidoptera
Coleoptera
? Strepsiptera
Hymenoptera
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1. Sister group to the Endopterygota 2. Within the coleopteran suborder Polyphaga 3. Sister group to Coleoptera
4. Sister group to true flies (Diptera)
Placement of the Strepsiptera
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Strepsiptera
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
500
Twisted wing parasites, strepsipterans
Parasites of other insects
-reduced life stages-triungulin larva-forewings are halteres
Strepsi - twisted, ptera - wing
-wings with few veins-females - breed while larval
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Strepsiptera - features
Males - ‘ raspberry eye’
Forewings = halteres
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Strepsiptera - Life cycle
Triungulin (1st instar larva)hatches
Seeks host
Oral secretions soften host cuticle
Host endocuticle detaches and surrounds parasite
Moults - 2nd and 3rd instar-legless grub
Pupation
Female stays in host
Male leaves to seek mate
Mating
Host cuticle
Cephalothorax
Brood canal Genital
pore
Female larval cuticle
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Strepsiptera - Males
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Strepsiptera - Females
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Strepsiptera - mating
sperm
= oocyte
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Strepsiptera - Life cycle
Triungulin (1st instar larva)hatches
Seeks host
Oral secretions soften host cuticle
Host endocuticle detaches and surrounds parasite
Moults - 2nd and 3rd instar-legless grub
Pupation
Female stays in host
Male leaves to seek mate
Mating
Host cuticle
Cephalothorax
Brood canal Genital
pore
Female larval cuticle
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Neuroptera
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
5000
Lacewings, antlions
Variable
-numerous crossveins in wing-larvae with incomplete gut
Neuro - nerve, ptera - wing
-most primitive endopterygote-predaceous larvae
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Neuroptera - who are they?
Lacewings
Adults - predatory or pollen feeders
Larvae - predatory
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Neuroptera - who are they?
Mantispidae
-convergent evolution with Mantodea
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Neuroptera - who are they?
Antlions
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Neuroptera - who are they?
Antlions
Larvae construct pits to trap prey
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Neuroptera - who are they?
Antlions
Modifications for anchoring
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Antlion
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Native Representations
Mimbres people were prehistoric Native Americans who lived from around C.E. 200 to 1350 in what is now southwestern New Mexico.
Mimbres bowl
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Neuroptera - who are they?
Sisyridae - spongilla flies
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Neuroptera - who are they?
Sisyridae - spongilla flies
Eggs laid overhanging vegetation
3 larval instars
Overwinter as 3rd instar or prepupa
Adults live 2 weeks
Crawl to bank& pupate
2- 5 generations
Hatch and parasitize sponges
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Megaloptera
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
300
Dobsonflies, alderflies
Variable , larvae - aquatic
Megalo - large, ptera - wing
-predatory larvae with complete gut-anal fold in wing
-pronotum slightly extended-mandibles in adult not used
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Megaloptera - who are they?
Adult
Larva - “hellgrammite”
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Megaloptera - who are they?
Adult
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Dobsonfly - predator
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Megaloptera - who are they?
Life cycle
Adults mate
Eggs laid overhanging water
Eggs hatch & larvae drop into stream/pond
Hellgrammite larva
Pupate in earthen cell
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Raphidioptera
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
225
snakeflies
Raphidio - needle, ptera - wing
Forests - found west of Rockies
-greatly extended pronotum
-adults and larvae predatory