el niño and the southern oscillationwou.edu/~brownk/es106/es106.2007.0604.glaciersenso.pdf · el...
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Global WarmingEl Niño and the Southern Oscillation
Earth Science: Ch 20, p. 573-581STM: Ch 25, p. 545-568
Glaciers
Earth ScienceChapter 6
p. 154-159, 168-173
Southern Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere
Ice Age Sea Level on North America Valley and Piedmont Glaciers
• Malaspina Glacier, Alaska
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Crevasse Glacier movement, tracked by stakes
Glacial Snow BudgetStriations and
polish
Cycle of valley glacier erosion U-Shaped Valley with tarns
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Hanging Valley Arete
Cirque, Horn Fiord
Lateral moraine Lateral and Medial Moraine
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Moraine deposit Loess
Continental Glacial deposits Pleistocene Ice Maximum
Upper Midwest End Moraines Coastal moraines of New England
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Upper Midwest drainage before glaciation
Upper Midwest Drainage—after glaciation
• Deranged drainage after ice melts
Pluvial Lakes of Southwest
Ice Age Sea Level on North America
Iceberg Photo Iceberg diagram
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Bering land bridge
http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~dennis/Our_Changing_Climate.html
Location of 300 MY Continental Glaciation
Location of 300 MY Continental Glaciationwith continents located 300 mya Elliptical orbit
Axial Tilt variation obliquity
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Precession of axial tilt Milankovitch cycles
Northern hemisphere insolation differences due to Milankovitch
cycles
Oxygen isotope fractionation
Temperature record from O-18 Threshold diagram
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Positive Climate Feedback Loops
• Ice albedo decreases temperature, increases ice. Reduced ice increases temperature
Ice-albedo feedback loop
Positive Climate Feedback Loops
• Ice albedo decreases temperature, increases ice. Reduced ice increases temperature
• Glacial periods result in larger arid areas, increasing delivery of iron nutrients to sea, lowering CO2 levels, and temperature
• Lowering sea level will expose reefs to weathering. Reaction consumes CO2 , lowering temperature. Rising sea level has opposite effect
Negative Climate Feedback Loop
• Forest die out during glacial ages, reducing mechanism to remove CO2 from atmosphere, increasing temperature
Forest cover—negative feedback Temperature compared to sulfur aerosol concentration
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Nutrient cycle Nutrients related to sea level change
Ozone Hole Atmospheric feedback mechanisms
Carbon cycle Temperature trend 30 years
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_average_temperature Red and green are trends predicted from satellite measurements
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Temperature trend 150 years Temperature Trend 2000 years
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_average_temperature
Temperature Trend 12,000 Years
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_average_temperature
Temperature trend 450,000 years
• Curves of reconstructed temperature at two locations in Antarctica and a global record of variations in glacial ice volume. Today's date is on the left side of the graph
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_average_temperature
Temperature trend 5,000,000 years
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_average_temperature
Temperature Trend 65,000,000 years
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_temperature_record
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Temperature trend 500,000,000 years
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_temperature_record
Temperature Change
Northern Hemisphere surface temperature variation Hydrocarbon CO2 emission trend
Atmospheric Carbon dioxide trend US energy use
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Rice paddy field Sea Ice Breakup at Antarctica
Ocean carbonate buffer Shoreline shift with sea level rise
Implication of sea level rise
• Building for passive Sun heating• Photovoltaic and Water heating also
incorporated• Note operable skylight for cooling
• http://www.earthship.com/staticpages/index.php?page=sale&osCsid=e2e983564ec7a5b9921a71236bed60c8
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WindPower
• http://www.bergey.com/
Geothermal
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld012.htm
Geothermal
http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld045.htm
Geothermal
Brady Hot Springs, northern Nevada, dries onions for Burger Kinghttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld087.htm
Geothermal
Reykjavik in the 1930shttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld094.htm
Geothermal
Reykjavik today http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld095.htm
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Tidal Lagoon
• http://www.forbes.com/global/2003/0721/042chart.html
http://www.forbes.com/global/2003/0721/042chart.html
Grand Coulee Dam
• Hydroelectric power• North America’s
largest concrete structure
• Located on the Columbia River in Central Washington
Biomass
• Direct burning of plant material• Oil harvested from seeds• Plant material converted to
– Alcohol: methanol and ethanol– Converted to methane
El Nino animation Normal equatorial flow
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Vertical normal flow ENSO disruption of flow
Vertical ENSO flow Normal vs. enso pressures
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