earth systems and resources ap environmental science trotter 2013-2014
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Earth Earth Systems and Systems and
ResourcesResourcesAP Environmental ScienceAP Environmental Science
Trotter 2013-2014Trotter 2013-2014
Geologic Time in 24 HoursGeologic Time in 24 Hours
12:00am – Earth forms12:00am – Earth forms 7:00am - Earliest one-celled organisms appear.7:00am - Earliest one-celled organisms appear. 7:00am-9:00 pm- Simple, soft-bodied 7:00am-9:00 pm- Simple, soft-bodied
organisms like wormsorganisms like worms
Little past 9:00pm - Complex organisms evolve Little past 9:00pm - Complex organisms evolve in oceansin oceans
Little past 10:00pm - Reptiles and insects first Little past 10:00pm - Reptiles and insects first appearappear
Just before 11:00pm - Dinosaurs arriveJust before 11:00pm - Dinosaurs arrive
11:30pm - Dinosaurs go extinct11:30pm - Dinosaurs go extinct
11:59:59 - Humans appear one second before 11:59:59 - Humans appear one second before midnightmidnight
Divisions of TimeDivisions of Time EON – largest division of geologic timeEON – largest division of geologic time
ERA – 2ERA – 2ndnd largest, includes two or more periods largest, includes two or more periods
PERIOD – 3PERIOD – 3rdrd largest, unit into which eras are divided largest, unit into which eras are divided
EPOCH – 4EPOCH – 4thth largest, the subdivision of a period largest, the subdivision of a period
EON > ERA > PERIOD > EPOCHEON > ERA > PERIOD > EPOCH
EONSEONS
Hadean – rocks from meteorites and moonHadean – rocks from meteorites and moon
Archean – earliest rocks on earth formArchean – earliest rocks on earth form
Proterozoic – organisms with well developed cellsProterozoic – organisms with well developed cells
Phanerozoic – means “visible life”Phanerozoic – means “visible life”
well represented in the fossil recordwell represented in the fossil record
ERASERAS Paleozoic – “early life” 544 Paleozoic – “early life” 544 244 mya 244 mya
Mesozoic – “middle life” 245 Mesozoic – “middle life” 245 66 mya 66 mya
Cenozoic – “recent life” 66mya Cenozoic – “recent life” 66mya present present
Which one do you live in today?Which one do you live in today?
PERIODSPERIODSCambrian – Explosion of lifeCambrian – Explosion of lifeOrdovician – 1Ordovician – 1stst Vertebrates Vertebrates
Silurian – 1Silurian – 1stst Land Plants Land PlantsDevonian – Age of FishDevonian – Age of Fish
Mississippian – Winged insectsMississippian – Winged insectsPennsylvanian – First reptilesPennsylvanian – First reptilesPermian – Age of AmphibiansPermian – Age of Amphibians
Triassic – First Dinosaurs/Small mammalsTriassic – First Dinosaurs/Small mammalsJurassic – First Birds/Flowering PlantsJurassic – First Birds/Flowering Plants
Cretaceous – Heyday of DinosaursCretaceous – Heyday of DinosaursTertiary – Mammals ThriveTertiary – Mammals Thrive
Quaternary – Age of Man/TechnologyQuaternary – Age of Man/Technology
PAST
PRESENT
Life DevelopsLife Develops We have fossils of single-celled organisms in We have fossils of single-celled organisms in
rocks that formed 3.5 billion years ago... rocks that formed 3.5 billion years ago... probably in early oceanprobably in early ocean
Primordial Ooze – water contained Primordial Ooze – water contained
the building blocks of lifethe building blocks of life
Similar to present day bacteria.Similar to present day bacteria.
About 2.5 billion years ago, simple organisms About 2.5 billion years ago, simple organisms began using energy from sun to make their own began using energy from sun to make their own food. food.
Photosynthesis slowly released oxygen into air.Photosynthesis slowly released oxygen into air.
Mass ExtinctionMass ExtinctionOccurs when many living things go Occurs when many living things go
extinct at the same time (Impacts extinct at the same time (Impacts plants and animals on land and in sea)plants and animals on land and in sea)
Only happened twice in Earth’s Only happened twice in Earth’s history.history.
11stst: Between Paleozoic and Mesozoic : Between Paleozoic and Mesozoic ErasErasTrilobites suddenly went extinct. Trilobites suddenly went extinct.
22ndnd: Between Mesozoic and Cenozoic : Between Mesozoic and Cenozoic ErasErasWiped out over half of all plant and Wiped out over half of all plant and
animal groups on Earth. No animal groups on Earth. No dinosaurs surviveddinosaurs survived
Oceanic crust: dense & thinOceanic crust: dense & thin
Continental crust: light & thickContinental crust: light & thick
These crusts interact differently with each These crusts interact differently with each to create the many geological features on to create the many geological features on this Earth.this Earth.
Different PlatesDifferent Plates
Wegner proposed this concept of a Wegner proposed this concept of a supercontinent, which consumed all the supercontinent, which consumed all the landmass about 200 million years ago.landmass about 200 million years ago.
He proposed the Earth is continuously movingHe proposed the Earth is continuously moving
Not accepted theory until 1960s.Not accepted theory until 1960s.
Panthalassa: single ocean that covered the Panthalassa: single ocean that covered the planet. ….Pacific Ocean ancestorplanet. ….Pacific Ocean ancestor
First Break of Pangaea caused: Laurasia and First Break of Pangaea caused: Laurasia and GondwanalandGondwanaland
PangaeaPangaea
People have been People have been noticing how noticing how continents fit since the continents fit since the 1500s1500s
1912, Alfred Wegner 1912, Alfred Wegner theorized “ Continental theorized “ Continental Drift” .Drift” .
Stated that the Stated that the Continents were Continents were actually drifting since actually drifting since the beginning. the beginning.
Continental DriftContinental Drift
3 Kinds of Volcanoes3 Kinds of Volcanoes
Subduction Zones: Edge of plates colliding “ring of Subduction Zones: Edge of plates colliding “ring of Fire”Fire”
Divergent Zones: New plate material forms when two Divergent Zones: New plate material forms when two plates diverge from each otherplates diverge from each other
Iceland is a volcano formed from the Mid-Atlantic Iceland is a volcano formed from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Ridge.
Hot Spots: Leaks in spots around the crust cause Hot Spots: Leaks in spots around the crust cause volcanoes in areas other than plate boundaries. volcanoes in areas other than plate boundaries. Examples: Hawaiian Islands.Currently, a new island is Examples: Hawaiian Islands.Currently, a new island is forming underwater and will eventually create an forming underwater and will eventually create an additional island to the Hawaiian archipelago.additional island to the Hawaiian archipelago.
3 Different Classifications 3 Different Classifications of Volcanoesof Volcanoes
Extinct- no volcanic activity, no potential to Extinct- no volcanic activity, no potential to erupterupt
Dormant- occasional small volcanic activity, Dormant- occasional small volcanic activity, and the earthquake has the potential to still and the earthquake has the potential to still erupterupt
Active- currently displaying volcanic Active- currently displaying volcanic activity, potential to have small or large activity, potential to have small or large eruptions at any timeeruptions at any time
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