dr. tony marangos nutritions solutions

Dr. Tony Marangos

Nutritions Solutions

The use of enzymes and new alternatives in the nutrition of

laying hens

Dr. Tony Marangos, PhD.

Asesor Internacional Nutrición

Hy Line International

El Dr. Marangos obtuvo una licenciatura en fisiología y bioquímica en animales de granja en la universidad de Reading

y obtuvo su pH D en el Royal Veterinary College de la Universidad de Londres.

Desde su graduación en 1975 ha ocupado altos cargos directivos en la industria de producción y suministro de

alimentos para animales en el Reino Unido.

Como director técnico de una importante compañía Avícola Integrada líder en el Reino Unido tuvo la responsabilidad

de la implantación y gestión de sistemas de calidad tal como BS 5750, ISO 9000 y UFAS que incorporan HACCP y

Bioseguridad en la fabricación de alimento balanceado.

Tiene una amplia experiencia en el desarrollo, especificación y fabricación de dietas para todas las especies pero en

especial para aves en todos los sistemas: intensivos, libres y orgánicos.

En el año 2000 el Dr. Marangos comenzó su propia consultoría “ Soluciones de Nutrición” y cuenta con asesorías a

nivel nacional e internacional.

Está casado tiene 2 hijos los cuales resalta están casi fuera de su control. Entres sus aficiones está socializar, el

teatro, la buena comida y juega golf de una manera esporádica y muy mal. Le gusta ver el cricket y el futbol.

What does the future hold?

Discussion Points • Raw materials

– Permitted

– Prohibited

– Anti-nutritive factors

• Enzymes – NSP

– Phytase

• Trace elements

– Inorganic

– Organic

Permitted Raw Materials

• Cereals & by-products • Soyabean meals • Fishmeal – monogastric feed mill only • Full Fat Soya • Rapeseed • Rapeseed ext. • Sunflower ext. • Pulses – Peas & Beans • Pulse/Rape blends • Corn gluten meal (Prairie) • Distillery/Bioethanol by-products - DDGS • Biscuit meals • Vegetable oils – Soya, Corn, Sunflower • Vegetable acid oils (soapstocks)

Prohibited Raw Materials

• Meat & Bone meal

• Blood meal

• Feather meal

• Poultry Offal meal

• Fishmeal – in ruminant meals

• Recycled cooking oils

• ALL AGPs since January 2006!

We are too reliant on:

• Corn

• Wheat

• Soya

• This has made everyone vulnerable this year to availability and price

Raw materials contain

anti-nutritional factors!

Anti-nutritional factors

• Non starch polysaccharides – NSP

– Xylans

– Beta Glucans

– Pectins

• Glucosinolates – rape

• Lectins – legumes

• Saponins – groundnut

• Gossypol – cotton

• Phytates – vegetable products

Meat & Bone Meals Banned in Europe

• Processed Animal Protein (PAP)

• Proposed new legislation for its use

• Consumer resistance!!

• BUT reduces dependence on Soya imports

• Reduced feed costs!

Alternatives to AGPs

• Competitive exclusion

• Probiotics

• Prebiotics

• Pronutrients!

• Anticoccidials

• Mannan oligosaccharides

• Volatile fatty acids

• Essential oils

• Plant extracts

• Enzymes

You pays your money and you take your choice

Enzymes are the key

• Amylase

• Xylanase

• Beta-glucanase

• Phytase

• Protease

• Pectinase

• Cellulase

New multiple enzymes products will enable

wider use of by-product raw materials

Dietary Fibre

Non starch polysaccharides

Complex molecules – viscosity in the gut!

Intestinal viscosity

Corn/Soya Corn/Soya

+

Enzyme

Phytic acid and Phytate metal salt

Bound minerals – unavailable to the bird!

Phytase Effect

High levels of unavailable P

Effects of enzymes

• NSP enzymes –

– Reduce viscosity in gut

– Improve digestion

– Release energy

• Phytase enzymes –

– Release Phosphorus

– Release Calcium

– Release Trace elements

– Release amino acids

Matrix values for enzymes

• Available phosphorus

• Digestible phosphorus

• Calcium (available)

• Digestible amino acids

– Lysine, Methionine , Cystine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Valine Arginine

• Metabolisable energy

Formulation of peak lay with & without enzymes

-$16/Tonne

PLAIN PLUS

ENZYMES

% %

Corn 59.58 62.24

Soya 26.09 25.23

Soya oil 2.31 1.00

Limestone 9.53 9.49

MCP 1.57 1.09

Salt 0.30 0.30

Sodium Bicarbonate 0.20 0.24

DL Methionine 0.17 0.15

Enzyme Complex 0.02

Vit/TE Premix 0.25 0.25

100 100

Oil 4.90 3.69

Protein 17.00 17.00

ME kcal/kg 2796 2796

Dig Lysine 0.79 0.79

Calcium 4.00 3.90

Available Calcium 4.00 4.00

Phosphorus 0.69 0.58

Available Phosphorus 0.42 0.42

Phosphorus deficiency and laying cycle changes

• A phosphorus deficiency in laying hens

results in irregular laying cycles

• Osteoperosis - ‘kinky’ breast bone

• The irregular laying cycle is a result of random regression of ovum

Harms & Sloan, 1999

Why are we getting a phosphorus deficiency?

• Levels have been lowered to reduce pollution

• Levels have been lowered to improve shell quality

• Levels have been lowered to reduce costs

• Total levels have reduced because of the use of phytase enzyme

• Bird feed intake is lower

Soft Bones (Osteomalacia)

Diagram from E.T. Moran, 1982

pH: Small Intestine

Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Duodenum Upper Lower Cecum Colon

4-5 2-4 5 5.5-6.5 6-7 7-7.5 6.9 7

Poultry Digesta pH Levels It is important to ensure that the enzymes are active across a wide

range of gut pH

Other nutritional factors

• Unbalanced protein – essential amino acids

– Corn gluten meal 60% - low lysine

– Rapeseed meal – low lysine higher M+C

– Sunflower – high fibre – low lysine– low ME

• We can overcome these issues with:

– Synthetic amino acids

– Adding oils

Synthetic Amino Acids

• DL Methionine

• Methionine analogues

• L – Lysine

• L- Threonine

• L- Valine

• L- Tryptophan

• L- Arginine?

• Increasing availability and use will mean reduction in protein levels and dependence on protein imports!

Trace Elements

Primary needs for trace elements

• Structural integrity of tissue

– Collagen and keratin synthesis(Zn) and cross-linking(Cu)

• Bone development & strength

– Collagen(Zn & Cu) and cartilage(Mn)

• Enzymatic activity

– Hundreds of enzymes depend on Zn, Cu, Mn, Se

• Immune function

– B-cells, T-cells & antibody production

Status of trace mineral nutrition

• Requirements defined in 1960 -1980s

– Are they relevant now with modern breeds

• Inorganic Trace Minerals (ITM)

– Availability poorly defined

– Cheap

– Safety margins applied

• Organic Trace Minerals(Chelates)

– Designed to improve mineral bioavailability

– Can differentiate products on basis of ligand

Trace Element Sources Inorganic

• Copper – Cu

• Iodine - I

• Iron – Fe

• Manganese – Mn

• Zinc - Zn

• Selenium - Se

• Oxide, Carbonate, Sulphate

• Potassium or Calcium

• Carbonate, Sulphate

• Oxide, Carbonate, Sulphate

• Oxide, Sulphate

• Sodium

Variable bioavailability and content

Manganese Sources and Content % Mineral & Bioavailability

• Oxide 77.0 Low(dioxides)

• Sulphate 32.5 High

• Carbonate 47.0 High

Heavy metal Contamination?

• Arsenic

• Lead

• Cadmium

• Organic mineral salts are very pure

How Important are Mineral Antagonisms?

Copper antagonists: Sulfate, Zinc and Molybdenum

Manganese antagonists: Calcium and Phosphorous

Organic Trace Mineral Definition

• Mineral bound to a carrier in a ring structure

• Metal amino chelate

• Metal amino acid complex

• Metal proteinate

• Metal polysaccharide complexes

Chelates

OTM benefits • Chelates are stable in the gut

• Prevent complexes with other compounds

– Phytates

• No contaminants

• Consistent manufactured products

• Consistent bioavailability

• Less supplementation required

• Better performance?

• More cost!

Typical inorganic trace element supplementation (g/tonne)

• Copper (Cu) 10

• Iron (Fe) 50

• Iodine (I) 1.5

• Manganese (Mn) 100

• Selenium (Se) 0.3

• Zinc (Zn) 100

Typical inorganic trace element supplementation (g/tonne)

• Copper (Cu) 10 5

• Iron (Fe) 50 5

• Iodine (I) 1.5 1.5

• Manganese (Mn) 100 30

• Selenium (Se) 0.3 0.3

• Zinc (Zn) 100 30

Total replacement with OTM

Benefits Shown of using OTM • Reduce the level of addition of ITM

– Total replacement with < 30% level

• Reduce the amount excreted

– - environmental benefit

• Improved skin strength

• Improved bone mineralisation

• Improved egg shell formation

• Improved oxidative balance

• Enhanced immune response

• BUT they cost more!! Decision is yours.

Thank You