dm module ii

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster Management

• includes sum total of all activities, programmes and

measures which can be taken up before , during

and after a disaster with the purpose to avoid a

disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses.

• Mitigation: Measures to minimize the impactso Like: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.

• Preparedness: Planning how to respondo like: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems.

• Response: Initial actions taken to minimize the

hazards o like: evacuation; search and rescue; emergency relief.

• Recovery: Returning the community to normalo like: rehabilitation and reconstruction

• the actions taken to save lives and property and

prevent further damage

• putting preparedness plans into action o search and rescue

o immediate medical help and lifesupport

o assisting refugees with transport

o food ,clothing& temporary shelter

o initial repairs to damaged infrastructure

o Preventing immediate disaster

o damage assessment

• Aims of disaster responseo To ensure the survival of the maximum possible number of victims, keeping

them in the best possible health in the circumstances.

o To re-establish self-sufficiency and essential services as quickly as possible

for all population groups, with special attention to the most vulnerable

and underprivileged.

o To repair or replace damaged infrastructure and regenerate viable

economic activities.

• Disaster Response Activities

• Warning- information concerning the nature of the

danger and imminent disaster threats, to evacuate

or secure property and prevent further damage.

• Evacuation and migration-relocation of a

population from zones at risk of an imminent disaster

to a safer location for protection of life of the

community and immediate treatment of injured.o For evacuation to work there must be:

o A timely and accurate warning system,

o Clear identification of escape routes,

o community awareness of the plan

• Search and rescue (SAR)-process of identifying the location of disaster victims that may be trapped or isolated and bringing them to safety and

medical attention

o Mountain rescue -in rugged and mountainous terrain

o Ground search and rescue-for persons who are lost or in distress on land or inland waterways

o Urban search and rescue-location and rescue of persons from collapsed buildings or other urban and industrial entrapments

o Combat search and rescue-carried out during war

o Air-sea rescue -combined use of aircraft like flying boats, helicopters and surface vessels

• Post-disaster assessment-to provide a clear,

concise picture of the post-disaster situation, to

identify relief needs and to develop strategies for

recovery.

• Relief-provision of material aid and emergency

medical care necessary to save and preserve

human lives.

• also enables families to meet their basic needs for

medical and health care, shelter, clothing, water,

and food

• Logistics and supply-well-organized supply service

for handling the procurement, storage, and

dispatch of relief supplies for distribution to disaster

victims.

• Communication and information management-the

equipment for information flow & information

management

• Survivor response and coping

• Security

• protection of the human rights and safety of

displaced populations and refugees

• the actions taken to return the community to

normal or better following a disaster.

• decisions and actions relative to rebuilding homes,

replacing property, resuming employment, restoring

businesses, and permanently repairing and

rebuilding infrastructureo Initial Response (1-7 days)

o Mid-Term Planning (7-30 days)

o Long-Term Reconstruction (Several Years)

• short-term and long-term.o Short-term recovery

o restore interrupted utility services, clear roads, and either fix or demolish

severely damaged buildings.

o provide food and temporary shelter

o Physical and Psychological recovery

o Long-term recovery -the complete redevelopment of damaged areas, restoring economic activity, community facilities and individual housing.

• The Recovery Plano Gathering basic information

o Organizing recovery

o Mobilizing resources for recovery

o Administering recovery

o Regulating recovery

o Coordinating recovery activities

o Evaluating recovery

Post Disaster Assessment• Purpose of assessment

• identification and prioritization of needs for disaster

relief assistance and to facilitate a timely,

appropriate response and recovery

• help determine the extent of a disaster and its

impact on the population and facilities

• Types of assessmento Initial or Rapid Assessment-response stage

o In-Depth or Sectoral Assessment-long term recovery (15days-1month)

o Impact Assessment

o Needs Assessment

Types of assessment

• Initial or Rapid Assessment

• comprises both situation and needs

assessment in the early, critical stage of

disaster to determine the type of relief

needed for immediate response.

• aim to:o Identify the impact a disaster has had on a society and its infrastructure,

and the ability of that society to cope

o Identify the most vulnerable segments of the population that need to be

targeted for assistance;

o Identify the level of response by the affected country and its internal

capacity to cope with the situation;

o Identify the level of response from the international community

o Identify the most urgent relief needs and potential methods of providing

them most effectively;

o Make recommendations which define and set priorities on the actions

and resources needed for immediate response

o Highlight special concerns regarding the development of the situation

o Draw attention to geographical areas / substantive sectors needing in-

depth assessment

• In-Depth or Sectoral Assessmento To determine long term recovery and development requirements

o Housing and infrastructures, livelihoods, environment and psycho social

aspects

o Identify needs for external assistance

• Impact Assessmento process of collecting information on the magnitude of the disaster and

the extent of its impact on both the population and infrastructure of the

society

o The area affected by location and size

o Causes of causalities and damage

o Human loss and causalities

o Damage on infrastructure and environment

o Environmental, health and sanitation threats

o govt and other agencies and their activities and capacity

• Needs Assessmento the level and type of assistance required for the affected population

o identifies resources and services for immediate emergency measures to

save and sustain the lives of the affected population.

o Needs that can be met from within the community and require external

assistance

o conducted at the site of a disaster or at the location of a displaced

population.

Assessment Process• Human loss and damage

o Deaths

o Permanent disabilities

o Major injuries

o Minor injuries and missing

• Assessment Methodologyo Informal discussions

o Secondary sources

• Damage to housingo Completely destroyed/ beyond repair

o Partially damaged/ repairable

o Minor damage

o Undamaged

• Data assessed

o Geographic location

o Urban / rural

o Size

o Typology on the basis of design and structural system

o Types of ownership & functional usage

o Average dwelling size,no. of inhabitants per dwelling

o Status of house

• Assessment Methodologyo Village Transect- comparative overview of different parts of community

• Habitat Mapping

• Photographic Information

• Household level Survey-Two types

• Damage category and types of construction

materials

• Technical details of damage

• Damage to community infrastructures

• Methodologyo Infrastructure mapping

o Village level Survey

o Photographic Information

• Environmental damageo Landform change

o Change in natural drainage

o Soil degradation

o Destruction of vegetation

o Water contamination

o Loss of flora and fauna

• Methodologyo Resource mapping

o Village Transect

o Village survey

• Damage to Livelihoodo Loss to means and assets

o Employment and Income

• Methodologyo Wealth Ranking

o Occupational network analysis

o Livelihood survey-nature of assets like land, house, livestock

• Health Damage

• Due to site conditions, population concentration,

contaminated water, lack of sanitation, lack of

nutrition, etc

• Methodologyo Community Health Surveillance: type, magnitude and pattern and trend

of health problems through monitoring

o Mobility map for health services

o Health Risk Mapping

• Health Risk Mapping

• Psycho social impacto Psychological disorders

o PTSD-Post traumatic stress disorder-panic reactions, withdrawal from daily

activities, outburst

• Methodologyo Listening and observing

o Symptom prevalence matrix

o Case card

• Women in Disaster

• House hold Survey

• Informal survey-field visit survey

• Formal surveyo Simple random sampling

o Systematic random sampling

o Stratified random sampling

o Cluster sampling

Recovery shelter/housing

Early Recover

y shelterEmergency shelterSelf

recovery

SHELTER RECONSTRUCTION STRATEGY

•Reception and transit camps- 1-5 days•Emergency Shelters/Temporary shelters- day 5-3 month( rehabilitation)

•Permanent Housing- 3months-3 years( reconstruction)

• Emergency Shelters/ Temporary shelters

• during the period between disaster and the

achievement of a durable shelter solution

• Aimo protection and security

o survival and health

o social needs, such as privacy and dignity

o livelihoods

o natural-resource management

o communal service infrastructure.

• Typesodispersed settlement/host families-

pre-existing households.

omass shelter- public buildings and community Facilities

ocamps: • (a) spontaneous -formed without adequate

planning

• (b)planned-purpose built• dispersed settlement

o May not exist in affected areas

o Relocated people are scattered

o difficult to keep track and provide services

o Can reinforce social isolation

• mass shelter-o Cheaper

o May not exist in affected areas

o they can quickly become overcrowded

o sanitation and other services can become overburdened

o equipment and structure can be damaged

o buildings are no longer available for their original purpose

o lack of privacy and increased protection risks.

o difficult to keep track and provide services

o Can reinforce social isolation

• spontaneous -formed without adequate plano re-location, as early as possible, to well-identified site

o High density, overburden on resources

• Criteria for planned shelters:o protection from an immediate danger

o Quick to supply

o Low cost

o Buildable- Small and light unit size

o Adaptable-Flexible, Cultural Acceptance

o Relief motivated but development driven

o minimization of environmental impact

o Durability- Fire resistance

• Types of shelter system:

• In-situ construction-locally available materials and

techniqueso Can evolve to permanent housing

o Flexibility in location, materials, style

o Community involvement

o Requires available, safe, and undisputed land

o Draining of resources

• Prefabricatedo Modular,Standard specifications

o Can be built in large quantities offsite

o Easy to keep track of relocated people

o Can be used for collective relocation (preserving social networks)

o Requires available, safe, and undisputed land

o Low quality and lack of comfort

o Often built in inconvenient locations, far from original homes

o If use is prolonged, risks degrading to a slum

• Standards for constructiono accommodation: in barracks, communal tents with minimum of 3.0

m2per person

o sanitation: 20 persons per latrine, 50persons per shower,

o water supply: absolute minimum provision of 7 litres/person/day plus

water required for kitchens, cleaning and sanitation;

o food preparation: approximately 100 m2 per 500 persons;

o storage: 150 to 200 m3 per 1,000 persons;

o a public address system;

o lighting;

o arrival and departure zones which are separated from accommodation

zones;

o arrival zones should include registration and medical clearance facilities

o administrative offices and staff accommodation;

o one health post and separate accommodation for quarantine;

o security fencing

o Visibility and ease of movement.

• ‘Adequate housing’o legal security of tenure

o availability of services, materials, facilities, and infrastructure

o affordability

o habitability

o accessibility

o location

o cultural adequacy.

• Onsite Reconstruction / Relocation/Repair

• Onsite reconstruction

• Approacheso Cash Approach

o Owner driven approach

o Community-Driven Reconstruction

o Agency-Driven Reconstruction in-Situ

o Agency-Driven Reconstruction in Relocated Site

• Cash Approach-Unconditional financial assistance without technical support

• Repair, reconstruction, migration, etc

• Owner driven approach- conditional financial assistance with regulations and technical support

o Combination of cash, vouchers, technical assistance

o construction or repair work by themselves, by employing family labor, by employing a local contractor or local laborers, or by using some combination of these options

• Essential prerequisiteso Training of trades people and homeowners

o Technical assistance and construction supervision and inspection

o Updating and enforcement of building codes and construction guidelines

o Mechanisms to regulate prices and facilitate access to building materials

o A system for providing financial assistance in installments as construction progresses

• Community-Driven Reconstruction: Financial and/or material assistance is channeled through community organizations that are actively involved in decision making and in managing reconstruction

• community involvement in the project cycle, complemented by the assistance of an agency.

• Role of agency

o suggest housing designs, technologies, and/or materials, and delivering construction inputs and training,employskilled and unskilled laborers from the community or facilitate the formation of construction committees.

• Roles for the community:

o Organization and planning of the entire reconstruction process, including housing and infrastructure

o Decisions regarding housing design and building materials

o Production of building materials such as bricks

o Distribution of building materials or other forms of housing assistance

• Agency-Driven Reconstruction in-Situ: governmental or nongovernmental

agency hires a construction company/contractors

• Design, materials, and expertise are likely to be

imported from outside the community.

• The community may or may not be consulted on certain aspects of the project, such as house

designs.

• Lack of control over quality, and opportunity to

participate in specific tasks.

• Agency-Driven Reconstruction in Relocated Site

• a governmental or nongovernmental agency

contracts the construction of houses on a new site,

generally with little or no involvement by the

community

Reconstruction Process• Planning

o understanding the context and impact of the disaster

o understanding the regulatory framework and establishing methods of

coordination

o understanding funding teams and timescales

o determining which method of assistance is most appropriate

o establishing partnerships with other stakeholders in order to provide

assistance

o recognising natural hazards which pose a future risk

o capturing the objectives, timescales, resources and risks in the

programme plan

• Design o selection of appropriate sites for reconstruction

o resolving issues of land tenure

o physical planning of settlements

o definition of appropriate quality for reconstruction

o identifying appropriate types of construction

o minimising the environmental impact of reconstruction

o incorporating disaster risk reduction strategies

o design of infrastructure facilities

• Construction o different methods of implementation

o management of construction projects

o specification, procurement and transportation of materials

o management of labour and workmanship

o handover, maintenance and post-occupancy evaluation of completed

projects.

• Relocationo Rebuilding in new site voluntarily or involuntarily.

• Happens wheno When the old location is subject to a natural hazard

o When the old location is completely destroyed and to move the debris

o new plotting in the old settlement is inconvenient for rapid recovery and

housing purposes

• Unsuccessfulo Inadequacy of new site

o Distance from livelihood and social networks

o Socio culturally inadequate settlement layout

o Lack of community living

o Lack of user participation in early decision-making process

o Lack of guidance to the beneficiaries during the construction phase of

the houses.

Mitigation• measures that eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster

occurrence, impacts and risks of hazards of unavoidable disasters through proactive measures taken before disaster occurs.

• Includes• Understanding each hazard

– its causes

– its geographical distribution, magnitude or severity, and probable frequency of occurrence– the physical mechanisms of destruction– the elements and activities most vulnerable to destruction– the possible economic and social consequences of the disaster

• Vulnerability assessment -physical vulnerability ,vulnerability of social institutions and economic activities

• Mitigation Measures