disaster management - psychological perspectives
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Disaster Management
Psychological PerspectivesDr.V.D.Swaminathan,
Professor of Psychology,
&
DirectorUniversity Center for International Relations
University of Madras
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Meaning of Disaster
A great or sudden misfortune
A complete failure
(Concise Oxford Dictionary)
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Types of Disaster
Natural Disaster (earth quake, cyclone or
any such weather related, tsunami,
avalanche, etc.)
Manmade Disaster (terrorism)
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Phases of Preparation for
Disaster Management
Pre Disaster Phase
Disaster Phase
Post Disaster Phase
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Pre Disaster Phase
Prevention primary, secondary & teritiary
Identify risk factors Revised Social Ecological Model
Micro level factors (endogenous)
Meso, Macro and Mega level factors(exogenous)
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Organism or Individual Related
Factors (Micro level Endogenous)
(a) Age (maturity)
(b) Basic personality
(c) Belief system
(d) Clinical status
(e) General intelligence
(f) Life style
(g) Perception and so on
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Personality - Definition
a more or less stable enduring
organization of ones physique, intellect,
temperament and character that
determines ones unique adjustment to
environment
(Eysenck, 1983)
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Dimensions of Personality
(i) Intelligence -- High (vs.) Low
(ii) Extraversion High (vs.) Low
(iii) Neuroticism -- High (vs.) Low
(iv) Psychoticism High (vs.) Low
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Meso level Factors (Family)
Awareness (being mentally prepared, if
possible, avoidance of certain risks)
Attitude (true education not money based)
Action (cohesion, cooperation,
coordination etc.)
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Macro & Mega Level Factors
. Macro level educational institution,
organization where one is employed
(training in first aid; avoidance of
unhealthy conflicts which arise mainly
because of cut throat competition and
certain other antihuman practices)
Mega level making the best & optimal
use of technological power.
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During Disaster
High vigilance
Presence of mind Clear communication
Resource mobilization
Protection of lives rather than materialvaluables
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Consequences of a Disaster
Post-disaster personality is a mereextension and exaggeration of pre-disaster
personality.
Positive triggering of resources from within
to meet challenges and be proactiveNegative depletion of resources causing
problems and be reactive
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Post traumatic Syndrome
Psychological effects of the disaster may
persist for many months; from acute
phase, if they move on to chronic phase,
they tend to suffer from post traumaticsyndrome. In some cases, there could be
an incubation period; but generally the
symptoms generally appear soon after thetrauma or disaster.
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Some of the Important Symptoms
Difficulty in falling or staying asleep
Irritability or outbursts of anger Difficulty in concentration
Hyper vigilance
Exaggerated startle response almostsimilar to panic attack
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Panic Attack
It is a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort in which four ormore of the following symptoms the individuals will developabruptly and reach a peak within ten minutes.
1. Palpitations (tachy cardia)
2. Sweating
3. Sensations of shortness of breath4. Trembling
5. Feeling of choking
6. Chest pain
7. Nausea or abdominal distress
8. Feeling dizzy
9. Derealization
10. Going crazy/fear of losing control
11. Fear of dying
12. Paresthesia (numbness)
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Other Possible Maladaptive
Responses
Agora Phobia
Any other specific fear
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Major disorders (Psychoses)
Counter disaster syndrome isolationphase marked by passivity, denial&repression, altruistic phase, euphoricphase and ambivalent phase
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Purpose of Psychological
Preparation
Prevention (strengthening of self)
1. Primary before the occurrence of problem
2. Secondary-reduction of duration of disorders
3. Tertiary reduction of impairment
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Tips for Building A Healthy
Personality
With the help of a psychologist (not a
psychiatrist), make an objective
assessment of individuals/students on
important parameters of personality
Train individuals/students in the art and
science of relaxation, thereby their
psycho spiritual aspects arestrengthened
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Tips (contd.,)
Help individuals/students develop healthybelief system which nurtures strong willpower and determination to lead long and
healthy life. This will also imply thatindividuals will not become victims ofrumors
Enable individuals/students to developsocial skills which very much includecommunication skills
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Tips (contd.,)
Nurture a well knit value system in every
individual student with particular reference to
morality
Give training in first aid with a special focus onsharpening ones presence of mind.
Let every student develop a civilized sense of
humor which acts as an antidote to depression
and so many other psychological problems
Impart training in time management
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Tips (contd.,)
Through appropriate models (generally video orsometimes live) show the students as to how
they need to be alert whenever any disasteroccurs.
Mock training can also be attempted to makestudents get the feel of helping the victims;
perhaps, feed back can also be given to makethem perfect in their behavior while experiencingany crisis situation.
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Acknowledgment
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