development areas emotional moral physical social cognitive chronological ages 0-6 7-12 13-19
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Development Areas
Emotional
Moral
Physical
Social
Cognitive
Chronological Ages 0-6
7-12
13-19
Basic Processes of Development• Maturation
– Biological process of systematic physical growth
– Experience plays role in specific contexts
Developmental Psychology
Red indicates more gray matter, blue less gray matter.
Early Experiences and Critical Periods
• Imprinting (Lorenz)– Inborn tendency or instinct
– Sensitive period – critical period
• Early social deprivation– Harlow’s monkeys, social isolation, and
continuing detrimental effects
– Controversy over effects on children• Some abnormal effects may be irreversible
Developmental Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Birth to 2 yrs
Sensorimotor Uses senses and motor skills, items known by use; Object permanence
2 - 7 yrs Pre-operational Symbolic thinking, language used; egocentric thinking, imagination/ experience grow, child de-centers
7 - 11 yrs Concrete operational
Logic applied, objective/rational interpretations; conservation, numbers, ideas, classifications
11 yrs on Formal operational
Thinks abstractly, hypothetical ideas; ethics, politics, social/moral issues explored
Piaget’s cognitive development theory
Developmental Psychology
Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Role confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair
Trust vs. Mistrust
Erikson’s Psychosocial
theory
Marcia’s Theory of Personal Identity• James Marcia - examined development
of personal identity.
• Identified four main approaches to developing a sense of identity:
• achievement• foreclosure• diffusion • moratorium
Sexual and Gender Development
• Sex - Physiologically Determined• Gender - Psychologically Determined• Sexual Development - Increasing Awareness of
sex differences• Gender Identification - Acquiring sex roles• Androgyny - Displaying both expressive and
instrumental qualities
Theories of Sexual and Gender Development
• Biological Development
• Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
• Behaviorism
• Social Leaning Theory
• Schema Theory
• Homosexuality
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Social Development
• Attachment - strength and kind of bond that exists between people.– Avoidant Attachment– Secure Attachment– Resistant Attachment
• Friendship and Play
• Unoccupied• Solitary• Onlooker
•Parallel•Associative•Cooperative
Play Stages
Developmental Psychology
Early Childhood
Solitary play
Parallel play
Cooperative play
Moral Development• Moral Development - process of acquiring sense of
right and wrong.
• Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
– Moral Realism
– Morality of Cooperation• Kohlberg
– Moral Dilemmas
Developmental Psychology
Level I: Preconventional moral reasoning
Stage 1 “might makes right”
Punishment/obedience orientation: self-interest
Stage 2 “look out for number one”
Instrumental/relativist orientation: quid pro quo
Level II: Conventional moral reasoning
Stage 3 “good girl, nice boy”
Proper behavior for the social approval
Stage 4 “law and order”
Proper behavior of the dutiful citizen, obey laws
Level III: Postconventional moral reasoning
Stage 5 “social contract”
Mutual benefit to all, obey society’s rules
Stage 6 “universal ethical principles”
Defend right/wrong, not just majority, all life is sacred (reflective)
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
Gilligan’s Theory
• An alternative theory of the moral development of women.
• Empathy
• Competition Versus Cooperation
Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory
• Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory:– Subjective Scoring– Lack of Stage Specificity– Inconsistencies between Thoughts and
Actions– Originally Validated on White, Middle-class,
Males
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