Development Areas

Emotional

Moral

Physical

Social

Cognitive

Chronological Ages 0-6

7-12

13-19

Basic Processes of Development• Maturation

– Biological process of systematic physical growth

– Experience plays role in specific contexts

Developmental Psychology

Red indicates more gray matter, blue less gray matter.

Early Experiences and Critical Periods

• Imprinting (Lorenz)– Inborn tendency or instinct

– Sensitive period – critical period

• Early social deprivation– Harlow’s monkeys, social isolation, and

continuing detrimental effects

– Controversy over effects on children• Some abnormal effects may be irreversible

Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology

Birth to 2 yrs

Sensorimotor Uses senses and motor skills, items known by use; Object permanence

2 - 7 yrs Pre-operational Symbolic thinking, language used; egocentric thinking, imagination/ experience grow, child de-centers

7 - 11 yrs Concrete operational

Logic applied, objective/rational interpretations; conservation, numbers, ideas, classifications

11 yrs on Formal operational

Thinks abstractly, hypothetical ideas; ethics, politics, social/moral issues explored

Piaget’s cognitive development theory

Developmental Psychology

Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Industry vs. Inferiority

Identity vs. Role confusion

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Integrity vs. Despair

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson’s Psychosocial

theory

Marcia’s Theory of Personal Identity• James Marcia - examined development

of personal identity.

• Identified four main approaches to developing a sense of identity:

• achievement• foreclosure• diffusion • moratorium

Sexual and Gender Development

• Sex - Physiologically Determined• Gender - Psychologically Determined• Sexual Development - Increasing Awareness of

sex differences• Gender Identification - Acquiring sex roles• Androgyny - Displaying both expressive and

instrumental qualities

Theories of Sexual and Gender Development

• Biological Development

• Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development

• Behaviorism

• Social Leaning Theory

• Schema Theory

• Homosexuality

http://myspacetv.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=vids.individual&videoid=7504339

Social Development

• Attachment - strength and kind of bond that exists between people.– Avoidant Attachment– Secure Attachment– Resistant Attachment

• Friendship and Play

• Unoccupied• Solitary• Onlooker

•Parallel•Associative•Cooperative

Play Stages

Developmental Psychology

Early Childhood

Solitary play

Parallel play

Cooperative play

Moral Development• Moral Development - process of acquiring sense of

right and wrong.

• Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development

– Moral Realism

– Morality of Cooperation• Kohlberg

– Moral Dilemmas

Developmental Psychology

Level I: Preconventional moral reasoning

Stage 1 “might makes right”

Punishment/obedience orientation: self-interest

Stage 2 “look out for number one”

Instrumental/relativist orientation: quid pro quo

Level II: Conventional moral reasoning

Stage 3 “good girl, nice boy”

Proper behavior for the social approval

Stage 4 “law and order”

Proper behavior of the dutiful citizen, obey laws

Level III: Postconventional moral reasoning

Stage 5 “social contract”

Mutual benefit to all, obey society’s rules

Stage 6 “universal ethical principles”

Defend right/wrong, not just majority, all life is sacred (reflective)

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

Gilligan’s Theory

• An alternative theory of the moral development of women.

• Empathy

• Competition Versus Cooperation

Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory

• Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory:– Subjective Scoring– Lack of Stage Specificity– Inconsistencies between Thoughts and

Actions– Originally Validated on White, Middle-class,

Males