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OVERVIEW OF THE SADC OVERVIEW OF THE SADC TRANSBOUNDARY WATER TRANSBOUNDARY WATER
MANAGEMENT: RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT: RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
PRESENTATION AT UNESCO-SDC PRESENTATION AT UNESCO-SDC TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFER ASSESSMENT TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFER ASSESSMENT
PROJECT INCEPTION MEETINGPROJECT INCEPTION MEETING
2323RDRD JUNE 2013 JUNE 2013
WINDHOEK, NAMIBIAWINDHOEK, NAMIBIA
BY Phera S. RAMOELIBY Phera S. RAMOELISenior Program Officer – Water Senior Program Officer – Water
SADC Secretariat, Gaborone, BotswanaSADC Secretariat, Gaborone, Botswana
The SADC MEMBER STATES
SADC Secretariat
33
SADC INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURESADC INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE
Summit of Heads of States and
Government
Council of Ministers
Standing CommitteeOf Officials
SADC Secretariat
Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Defense & Security
Organ on Politics
Defense & Security
TROIKA
SADC National Committees
Sub-Committees
SADC Tribunal
Sectoral CommitteeOf Ministers & Senior
Officials
Directorate of Infrastructure & Services
Water Divsion
Water ResourcesTechnical Committee
Standing CommitteeOf Senior Officials
Sub-Committees
SADC SecretariatIfrastructure and
services
Water Division
Water Resources Technical
Committee & Sub Committees
RSAP Focal points
RSAP Sub-committees
SADC contact points
Project Implementation Agencies
River Basin Organisations
(e.g. ORASECOM and OKACOM)
Regional Network & Partnerships
(e.g. GWP, IUCN and NAWISA)
Committee of Ministers of Water
Senior Officials
AMCOWTechnical Advisory
commtittee
Water Strategy Reference Group
Lead ICP
Policy
Programme
Project
Levels:
Institutional framework of the SADC Water Sector
BACKGROUND TO SADC WATER BACKGROUND TO SADC WATER PROGRAMPROGRAM
Large parts of SADC are Arid and drought proneLarge parts of SADC are Arid and drought prone High vulnerability to floods and droughtHigh vulnerability to floods and drought WWater is the most shared resource in the SADC Region;ater is the most shared resource in the SADC Region; There are 15 major Shared Watercourses in the SADC There are 15 major Shared Watercourses in the SADC
Regions between the 12 continental member statesRegions between the 12 continental member states To guide the process of cooperation and regional To guide the process of cooperation and regional
integration a number of protocols based on the principles integration a number of protocols based on the principles of the treaty were negotiated agreed and adopted;of the treaty were negotiated agreed and adopted;
The Protocol on shared watercourses was adopted in 1995, The Protocol on shared watercourses was adopted in 1995, came into force in 1998, revised in 2000;came into force in 1998, revised in 2000;
Revised Protocol came into force in September 2003;Revised Protocol came into force in September 2003; The Protocol in turn provides for and promotes the The Protocol in turn provides for and promotes the
establishment of shared watercourse institutionsestablishment of shared watercourse institutions
BACKGROUND TO SADC WATER BACKGROUND TO SADC WATER PROGRAMPROGRAM
There are 14 Transboundary aquifers in SADC and There are 14 Transboundary aquifers in SADC and 15 shared river basins15 shared river basins
• 70% of rural population dependant on GW and Many major cities are GW dependant however there is Limited data
• Climate Change and variability expected to have overall a potential adverse effectIncreased temperatures, Increased evaporationSeasonal shift in precipitation (wet/dry seasons)Changes in temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation eventsPotential reduction in precipitation amounts
500 10000
Kilometres
N
MourzoukDjadoBasin
ErrachediaBasin
Senegalo-Mauritanian
Basin
NorthernSahara Basin
NubianSandstone
Basin
TaoudéniBasin
Benin-Togo- NigeriaCoastalAquifer
Awash-DjiboutiBasin
MertiBasin
IrhazerIullemeden
BasinChadBasin
OkavangoAquifer
KalahariAquifer
Cote d’Ivoire-Ghana Coastal
Aquifer
TindoufAquifer
A
BC
Upper Nile
BasinOgaden - Juba
Aquifer
CongoIntra-Cratonic
Basin
D
E
GF
H
I
J
M
KL
N
Kenya- TanzaniaCoastalAquifer
Congo CoastalAquifer
Cunene CoastalAquifer
Gariep CoastalAquifer
A Liptako-Gourma Aquifer
B L’Air Crystalline Aquifer
C Tin-Séririne Aquifer
D Rift Valley Secondary Aquifers
E Mount Elgon Aquifer
F Kagera Aquifer
Kilimanjaro AquiferG
Upper Rovuma AquiferH
Shire Valley Alluvial AquiferI
Nata-Gwaai AquiferJ
Tuli-Shashe AquiferK
Pafuri Alluvial AquiferL
M Ramotswa Dolomite Aquifer
N Karoo Sedimentary Aquifer
RovumaCoastalAquifer
IncomatiCoastalAquifer
Source: UNESCO (2004)
Shared Aquifer Systems
© Pete Ashton
REGIONAL LEGAL, POLICY AND REGIONAL LEGAL, POLICY AND STRATEGIC INSTRUMENTSSTRATEGIC INSTRUMENTS
SADC Treaty and Declaration (1992) as amended;SADC Treaty and Declaration (1992) as amended; SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses;SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses; Regional Vision for Water (2000);Regional Vision for Water (2000); Regional Water Policy and Strategy (2006)Regional Water Policy and Strategy (2006) Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan
(2003)(2003) Regional Strategic Action Plan on Integrated Regional Strategic Action Plan on Integrated
Water Resources Management and Development Water Resources Management and Development (RSAP-IWRMD)(RSAP-IWRMD)
Based on the SADC Treaty (Art 22 of the treaty)Based on the SADC Treaty (Art 22 of the treaty) Protocols spell out the objectives and scope of, and Protocols spell out the objectives and scope of, and
institutional mechanisms for cooperation in water institutional mechanisms for cooperation in water First signed by 10 SADC member states in August, 1995, First signed by 10 SADC member states in August, 1995,
in JHB, South Africain JHB, South Africa Protocol came into force on the 29Protocol came into force on the 29thth September, 1998 September, 1998
(after attaining 2/3 ratification)(after attaining 2/3 ratification) Then the adoption of the United Nations Convention on Then the adoption of the United Nations Convention on
the law of the non-navigational uses of international the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses, in April, 1997.watercourses, in April, 1997.
Protocol was amended/revised in 2000 to take on board Protocol was amended/revised in 2000 to take on board these new development in international water law and these new development in international water law and address concerns of some member statesaddress concerns of some member states
Revised protocol came into force in September 2003Revised protocol came into force in September 2003
Regional Protocol on Shared Regional Protocol on Shared Watercourses:Watercourses:
THE SADC PROTOCOL THE SADC PROTOCOL
The Main Objectives of the Protocol is to:The Main Objectives of the Protocol is to: – ““Foster closer cooperation for judicious, sustainable and Foster closer cooperation for judicious, sustainable and
coordinated management, protection and utilization of shared coordinated management, protection and utilization of shared watercourses and advance the SADC agenda of regional watercourses and advance the SADC agenda of regional integration and poverty alleviation”integration and poverty alleviation”
The Protocol seeks to advance the sustainable, equitable The Protocol seeks to advance the sustainable, equitable and reasonable utilization of shared watercourses;and reasonable utilization of shared watercourses;
Shared Watercourse: “Shared Watercourse: “a system of surface and ground a system of surface and ground waters cwaters consisting by virtue of their physical onsisting by virtue of their physical relationship a unitary whole normally flowing into a relationship a unitary whole normally flowing into a common terminus such as the sea, lake or aquifercommon terminus such as the sea, lake or aquifer;;
Gives the right to use coupled with the duty to protect the Gives the right to use coupled with the duty to protect the watercourse;watercourse;
Obligate parties to notify each other on planned Obligate parties to notify each other on planned measures;measures;
THE REGIONAL WATER POLICY & THE REGIONAL WATER POLICY & STRATEGYSTRATEGY
Provide a frame work for cooperation on Water Provide a frame work for cooperation on Water Resources Management and Development at Resources Management and Development at National, Transboudary Levels (Shared National, Transboudary Levels (Shared Watercourses);Watercourses);
Was Developed to address the need to consolidate policy provisions on water into one single document
to establish inter-sectoral coordination on water related management issues at regional, river basin and national levels.
A Strategy for its implementation has been A Strategy for its implementation has been Developed and approved by ICM June 2006.Developed and approved by ICM June 2006.
SADC Regional Integration and
Poverty Eradication
SADC Regional Integration and
Poverty Eradication
IndustrialDevelopment
Food Security
Access to Water & Sanitation
EnergySecurity
Safety from Disasters
Development without compromising the Environment
Integrated Water Resources Management
Institutions at national and
regional levels
CapacityBuilding
StakeholderParticipation
Water ResourcesInformationManagement
GOAL OBJECTIVES
APPROACH
TOOLS
IWRMPlans
ConflictResolution
EnvironmentalManagement
WATER POLICY CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Water for Peace
RSAP 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKRSAP 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
RSAP III
IWRM as an Approach
Capacity Development
Climate Change Adaptation
Social Development
Enabling Environment
Risk ReductionAwareness Resilience
ImpactEmpowerment
UnderstandingFacilitation
Benefit Sharing
Capa
city
Dev
.
Clim
ate
Chan
ge.
Soci
al D
ev.
Governance Infrastructure Management
RSAP1
SADC Vision for Water Life & the
environment
Relationships between Various Instruments in SADC Governing Relationships between Various Instruments in SADC Governing Water Resources Management & DevelopmentWater Resources Management & Development
SADC Revised Protocol on
Shared Watercourses
Regional Framework for Action
National
National Water Policy
National Water legislation
Regional Water Strategy
SADCRISDP
SADC Treaty
Regional
National Water Strategy
Other SADC Sector Policies & Strategies
National Sector Policies
River Basin Plans
IWRM Plans
Guidelines on National Water
policies and strategies
formulation
RSAP3
RSAP2
RegionalRegionalWaterWaterPolicyPolicy
SADC Region WaterSADC Region Water 15 Transboundary 15 Transboundary
River Basins between River Basins between the 12 continental the 12 continental member statesmember states
20Transboundary 20Transboundary Aquifers (currently Aquifers (currently identified)identified)
Aquifers and river Aquifers and river basins are not basins are not coincidentcoincident
Aquifers generally not Aquifers generally not well understood or well understood or defineddefined
IGRAC, 2008
SADC Groundwater Management Program
Developed through a consultative process in 1997/98 with UNEP Support;
Made up of 10 Specific Activities:
1. Capacity Building in the Context of a Regional Groundwater Management Programme.
2. Formulation of Minimum Common Standards for Groundwater Development in the SADC Region.
3. Establishment of a Regional Groundwater Information System.
1. Establishment of a Regional Groundwater Monitoring Network.
2. Establishment of a Regional Groundwater Research Institute/Commission.
3. Construction of a Website on Internet and publication of quarterly Newsletters.
4. Regional Groundwater Resource Assessment of Karoo Aquifers.
5. Regional Groundwater Resource Assessment of Precambrian Basement Aquifers.
6. Compilation of a Regional Hydrogeological Map and Atlas for the SADC Region.
7. Groundwater Assessment of the Limpopo/Save Basin
SADC Groundwater Management challenges
Groundwater plays a major role in present and future water supply for rural and urban areas,
Groundwater must be protected and developed in a sustainable way.
Varying development levels and appreciation of sustainable development of groundwater
Water resources, including aquifers, are shared between countries.
Groundwater should be part of integrated water resources management.
Expected Outcomes of the SADC Groundwater Management Programme
Information, experience, expertise shared Common understanding of groundwater
resource management Harmonised data/information processing and
practices Better research, assessment, development
and management through combined efforts Sound use and protection of groundwater
resources in SADC, primarily in drought prone areas
SHORTCOMINGS AND CHALLENGES
Variable level of GW understanding, Poor consideration given to GW Poor reliance on Groundwater from water
planners, Low human and financial resources, Low understanding of transboundary impacts, Low understanding of interaction between
Surface and Groundwater Harmonisation of strategies and policies Implementation mechanisms
What is Threatening GW in SADCWhat is Threatening GW in SADC
It is currently mined in some of the Member statesIt is currently mined in some of the Member states– Dropping water levelsDropping water levels
Very limited resources allocated GW protection and Very limited resources allocated GW protection and managementmanagement
PollutionPollution Recharge areas impactedRecharge areas impacted Perceived not to have an economic valuePerceived not to have an economic value Is out of sight and difficult to quantifyIs out of sight and difficult to quantify Saltwater intrusionSaltwater intrusion Resources are being spent on surface water but Resources are being spent on surface water but
groundwater is usually and after thoughtgroundwater is usually and after thought
COMMUNICATION: DIFFERENT INTERESTSCOMMUNICATION: DIFFERENT INTERESTS
Reliablesupply and
good quality
Full costrecovery
Enough water at low cost
Equal access for
the poor
Protect Base flows
Aquiferrecharge
& safe yield
Reduce conflicts
Regionaldevelopment
Farmers
WaterUtilities
Industry
Local NGO Environmental NGOS
GroundwaterExperts
Regional/LocalWater Managers
National WaterPolicy Makers
Groundwater Resources
Communication ChallengesCommunication Challenges
Policy
UsersTechnical
Groundwater Community Users/ Other stakeholders
Policy Level •Policies•Strategies •Regulatory framework•Resource allocation
•Water needs & provision •Demand side management•Economic incentives
•Knowledge•Understanding • Technical solutions
SADC ToolsSADC Tools
Target water supply programs to areas, which are Target water supply programs to areas, which are vulnerable to GW droughtvulnerable to GW drought
Identify areas dependant on groundwaterIdentify areas dependant on groundwater Highlight areas of cooperationHighlight areas of cooperation Regional/local maps could be further developed to Regional/local maps could be further developed to
identify water-insecure areasidentify water-insecure areas Highlight areas where the monitoring of water availability Highlight areas where the monitoring of water availability
and access is important, perhaps through widening the and access is important, perhaps through widening the scope of existing food security assessmentsscope of existing food security assessments
Support regional/transboundary collaborationSupport regional/transboundary collaboration Highlight importance of GW in drought management in Highlight importance of GW in drought management in
SADCSADC Highlight the value of GWHighlight the value of GW
Groundwater Dependant Ecosystem Groundwater Dependant Ecosystem MappingMapping
Product Ecosystems Habitats Data
Different ecosystems – not recognisable as GDEsInform regional groundwater resource protection and strategic
planning.Limit impact on communities dependent on GDE goods and
services.
GW Drought VulnerabilityGW Drought Vulnerability
Determine areas of SADC that are vulnerable to Determine areas of SADC that are vulnerable to Groundwater Drought to assist in resource planningGroundwater Drought to assist in resource planning
weight
weight
weight
1
Climate
Biophysical
Human
GWD Vulnerability
GW ValuationGW Valuation
– Groundwater often taken for granted Groundwater often taken for granted – Usually not associated with an economic valueUsually not associated with an economic value– Increasing stresses on the water resources Increasing stresses on the water resources – Need for a better understanding of the value of Need for a better understanding of the value of
groundwater by policy makers, water managers and groundwater by policy makers, water managers and budget holders budget holders
– Facilitate optimal decisions on use and Facilitate optimal decisions on use and management. management.
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PROJECT GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PROJECT PH2: PH2: Sustainable Groundwater Management
in SADC Member States – 2014 - 18 CONSISTS FOUR COMPONENTS:CONSISTS FOUR COMPONENTS:
– A. A. Operationalisation of the Groundwater Management
Institute for Southern Africa
– B. Strengthening institutional frameworks for
sustainable groundwater management;
– C. Advancing knowledge, monitoring and information
sharing on transboundary and national groundwater;
– D. Infrastructure solutions for sustainable and more
climate resilient groundwater management;
Other ToolsOther Tools SADC Hydrogeologic map (2010)SADC Hydrogeologic map (2010)
– a comprehensive, interactive web-based hydrogeological a comprehensive, interactive web-based hydrogeological map and atlas of the SADC region as well as enhanced map and atlas of the SADC region as well as enhanced institutional capacity in SADC member states for producing institutional capacity in SADC member states for producing and using hydrogeological maps in water resources and using hydrogeological maps in water resources planning, development and management.planning, development and management.
SADC Regional Monitoring Network SADC Regional Monitoring Network Policy Review (2010)Policy Review (2010) Regional GW Statistics (2010)Regional GW Statistics (2010) Guidelines for GW development(2001Guidelines for GW development(2001))
SADC ModelSADC Model
Groundwater Management Institute
Awareness Raising
Capacity Building
Action oriented Research
Coordination Financing
• Develop and execute of short courses.
• Develop regional protocols/guidelines (Water Sampling, Well construction, borehole logging…).
• Develop best practices guidelines.
• Disseminate existing technical material.
• Develop awareness material for Parliamentarians and policy makers.
• Initiate short briefings w/ policy makers.
• Promote groundwater in the Media.
• Disseminate existing awareness material.
• Develop Bankable projects to present to donors
• Coordinate w/ SADC and donors to identify and fund projects at a regional/country level to move forward the goals of the GMP
• Assist member States in securing funds for groundwater projects
• Piloting community based groundwater management.
• Climate change adaptability using and protecting groundwater.
• Methods for identifying Groundwater Dependant Ecosystems.
• Economic valuation of groundwater as applied regionally.
• Develop Meta databases of projects on groundwater in the region
• Convene Member State groundwater Managers Forum
• Coordinate GMIs activities with regional and international initiatives (AGN, CAP-Net, Water-Net…)
GEF Phase II Project - Sustainable Management of Transboundary Groundwater Resources in the SADC GEF Phase II Project - Sustainable Management of Transboundary Groundwater Resources in the SADC
CONCLUDING REMARKSCONCLUDING REMARKS
Groundwater is already a vital resource for many Groundwater is already a vital resource for many countries. However if we are unable to communicate countries. However if we are unable to communicate its value, its need for management and protection, as a its value, its need for management and protection, as a technical community we will not raise the funds technical community we will not raise the funds required due to lack of appropriate, clear and target required due to lack of appropriate, clear and target communication.communication.
CONCLUSIONS…CONCLUSIONS…
Water resources in SADC are seen as an Water resources in SADC are seen as an opportunity for cooperation and peace rather than opportunity for cooperation and peace rather than cause for conflict;cause for conflict;
Groundwater resources are less understood but Groundwater resources are less understood but needs to be properly managed;needs to be properly managed;
All other sectors and role players should take part All other sectors and role players should take part in the development of our shared water resources;in the development of our shared water resources;
With a multiplicity of shared watercourses (which With a multiplicity of shared watercourses (which includes groundwater) in SADC it is imperative includes groundwater) in SADC it is imperative that there is collective and collaborative to water that there is collective and collaborative to water development and management;development and management;
I THANK YOU FORI THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTIONYOUR ATTENTION
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