cpted crime and design.pdf
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A Quick
Review ofCPTED
Strategies(Crime Prevention
ThroughEnvironmental
Design)
By: Russell James, J.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor,College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University
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Surveillance(Will I be seen?)
Research
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burglarizedhouses had
less visualaccess toimmediately
neighboringhouses thandid non-
burglarizedhouses
Brown, B. (University of Utah), Altman, B. (University of Utah). 1983. Territoriality, defensible space andresidential burglary: an environmental analysis,Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(3), 203-20.
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Convenience stores
experienced mean
annual robbery ratereductions after
installation of CCTV
systems (-23%);
installation of video
cameras with monitors(-54%)
C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through
environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of PreventativeMedicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
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Office beveragesavailable withpayment on an
honor system.Picture abovepaymentinstructionsrotated weekly.
Payments werehigher when
picture of eyeswas posted.
M. Bateson, D. Nettle & G. Roberts (2006). Cuesof being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters 2, 412414.
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A B
Two groups with two computer backgrounds. Eachperson receives $10. Computer question: Do you want toshare any of it with another (anonymous) participant?
K. J. Haley (UCLA), D.M.T. Fessler (UCLA). 2005. Nobodys watching? Subtle cues affect generosityin an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 245256
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Sharing
55%
NotSharing
45%
Normal
Screen
Sharing88%
Not
Sharing
12%
Eyes Screen
K. J. Haley (UCLA), D.M.T. Fessler (UCLA). 2005. Nobodys watching? Subtle cues affect generosityin an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 245256
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Access(Can I get in and out)?
Research
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Burglarized houses had fewerfences and locked gates
surrounding the yard than didnon-burglarized houses.
Brown, B., Altman, B. (1983). Territoriality,
defensible space and residential burglary:an environmental analysis, Journal ofEnvironmental Psychology, 3(3), 203-20.
b dd h l k f
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Preventing access by adding chain link fencingand lighting to lower levels of this parkinggarage led to 50% drop in reported crime.
Tseng, C.-H. (Ohio State U.), Duane, J. (Ohio State U.), &Hadipriono, F. (Ohio State U.). 2004. Performance of
Campus Parking Garages in Preventing Crime.Journal ofPerformance of Constructed Facilities, 18(1), 21-28.
h
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Territoriality
(Does anyone carewhat happens
here?)
Research
b l i d h h d f b li
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burglarized houses had fewer symbolicbarriers characteristic of primaryterritories (i.e., fewer markers depictingthe identity of the territory owners)
Brown, B. (University of Utah), Altman, B. (University of Utah). 1983. Territoriality, defensible space andresidential burglary: an environmental analysis,Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(3), 203-20.
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In a study of 400 convenience store robberies, onesignificant difference between robbed and non-robbed stores was distance from nearest graffiti
S. A. Hendricks, D. P. Landsittel, H. E. Amandus, J. Malcan, & J. Bell. (1999) A matched case-control study of convenience store robbery risk factors.Journal of Occupational andEnvironmental Medicine, 41 11 , 995-1004
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Surveillance(Will I be seen?)
Access(Can I get in and out)?
Territoriality(Does anyone care what happens here?)
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16/99Will I be seen?
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17/99Surveillance: FAIL
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18/99Can I get in and out?
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19/99Access: FAIL
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20/99Does anyone care what happens here?
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21/99Territoriality: FAIL
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Does anyone care what happens here?
Territoriality: FAIL
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Can I get in and out?
Access: FAIL
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24/99Does anyone care what happens here?
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26/99Access: Can I get in and out? Territoriality impacts Access
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If no one cares what happens here, is itless risky to try opening the door with
a crowbar or bolt cutter?
Territoriality impacts Access
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ACCESS: Does t e ence ma e it ar er to
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ACCESS: Does t e ence ma e it ar er toget in and out?
SURVEILLANCE: Does t e ence ma e it ess
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SURVEILLANCE: Does t e ence ma e it esslikely I will be seen when attempting to break in
through a back door?
Survei ance + Access + Territoria ity may impact
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Survei ance + Access + Territoria ity may impacteach other.
Does anyone care what happens here?
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Does anyone care what happens here?
T e ence says May e
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T e ence says May e .Everything else says No
Does anyone care what happens here?
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Does anyone care what happens here?
TERRITORIALITY:
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TERRITORIALITY:High level maintenance. Defined borders.
Short decorative fencing can enhance
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Short decorative fencing can enhanceterritoriality inside the fence withoutdisconnecting from the surroundingneighborhood
Short decorative fencing can enhance
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Short decorative fencing can enhanceterritoriality inside the fence withoutdisconnecting from the surroundingneighborhood
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Short fencing,even if solid,
creates nosurveillanceproblems.
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As fences get higher, the access barrierincreases, but the risk of visually disconnecting
from the neighborhood also grows
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Does anyone carewhat happens hereINSIDE the fence?
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Does anyone carewhat happens hereOUTSIDE the fence?
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High fences maydiminish territorialityoutside the fence
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High solid fences
Indicates lack of
territoriality
outside of walls Reduces natural
surveillance
Can anyone see whathappens outside the fence?
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High solid fences
Indicates lack of
territoriality
outside of walls Reduces natural
surveillance
Does anyone care whathappens outside the fence?
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High solid fences
Indicates lack of
territoriality
outside of walls Reduces natural
surveillance
High solid fences maycreate spaces with littlesurveillance or territoriality
Some high fences
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Some high fencescontrol access, butfail the S.A.T. by
(1) Blockingsurveillance
(2) Sending a clear
message thatthe area isdangerous,crime isaccepted, andno one careswhat happens
outside the wall
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Making the chain link fence opaque blockssurveillance and permits graffiti showing a lack
of external territoriality.
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With proper designand maintenance,
high fences canlimit access without
damagingsurveillance or
territoriality
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A high fence blocking access without
damaging surveillance or territoriality Spikes can add a visceral
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Spikes can add a visceralelement of accessreduction that is still
decorative and residential
Of course, you
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Of course, youcan go too farwith anything!
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Window bars limit access, but may also send anegative territoriality message about
neighborhood safety.
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Glass block can createsecurity similar to windowbars but without the sti ma
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Most burglaryentries do notoccur through
the front door,often becauseof natural
surveillance.
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Open accessto side or
rear entrypoints wherethere is no
naturalsurveillancemake formore
attractiveburglaryentrances.
Access barriers toid
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side or rear entrancecan reduce the risk
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A very short barrier may provide
insufficient access control
As barriers rise access
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As barriers rise, access
is reduced
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Tall opaque barrierslimit access, but mayalso eliminate natural
surveillance The line of sight for entry points is critical.
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The line of sight for entry points is critical.
Am I visible to outsiders here?
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Am I visible to outsiders here?
Am I visible to outsiders here?
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Am I visible to outsiders here?
Am I visible to outsiders here?
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s b e to outs de s e e?
Am I visible to outsiders here?
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Consider thesight-lines inthis aerial shotof a new group
of duplexes Front
E t /
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RearEntrance /Windows
Entrance /Windows
SideWindows
What are thesight lines forthe potentialentry points in
this unit?
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10residenceshave sight
lines tothe rear
entry
What are thesight lines forthe potentialentry points in
this unit?
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16residenceshave sightlines to thefront entry
What are thesight lines forthe potentialentry points in
this unit?
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11residenceshave sight
lines toside
window
What are thesight lines forthe potentialentry points in
this unit? Rear Entrance /
WindowsSide Entrance/
Windows
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FrontEntrance /Windows
What are thesight lines forthe potentialentry points in
this unit?
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2residenceshave sight
lines torear
entrance
What are thesight lines forthe potentialentry points in
this unit?
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0residenceshave sight
lines toside
window
What are thesight lines forthe potentialentry points in
this unit?
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Zone outsideresidence
where sight
lines arecovered by
wooded areawith link to
walking trail
What are thesight lines forthe potentialentry points in
this unit?
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Which residencehas better SAT
scores? What natural surveillance issue best
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predicted convenience store robberies?
C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmentaldesign (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmentaldesign (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
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Visibility from outside the store to inside
the store was the most important sight line C. Casteel (UCLA) & C. Peek-Asa (UCLA). 2000. Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmentaldesign (CPTED) in reducing robberies. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 18, 99-115, p. 110
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Visibility from outside the store to insidethe store was a more significant predictorof convenience store robberies than thenumber of clerks or the proximity to drug
traffic, gangs, or subsidized housing. At night, surveillance depends on lighting.
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Of course, surveillance canbe blocked by both darkness
and solid barriers.
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line of site; access out
Lighting alone may notovercome natural barriers to
surveillance
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Lighting can alsobe importantduring the day,
especially wherelines of sight arelimited
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What signals doyou get thatterritoriality
appears weakhere?
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Closed stairwells have low natural surveillance
and easy access for both entry and escape Combined with territoriality deficiencies,
stairwells can create CPTED problem areas
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stairwells can create CPTED problem areas.
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Design solutionscan improve the
naturalsurveillance for
stairwells
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Open stairwellshave strong
natural
surveillance
properties
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All ranges of
naturalsurveillancelevels are
possible forstairwells
depending uponthe design
solution chosen
replacing bathroom entrance doorswith right-angle entrances permit the
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g g pwarning sounds of crime to travel morefreely and reduce the sense of isolation
Sommer, R. (1983). Social design: Creating buildings with people in mind. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
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Cul-de-sacs make automobile
escape more problematic as
there is only one exit route
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Street closures can providesimilar access results
Pedestrian trafficcan also be limited
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can also be limitedwith street closures
High rise buildingsprovide weaker
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provide weakersurveillance of
street level activitybecause ofstructural
separation, distance
separation, andsound separation.
This separation alsolimits the sense ofterritoriality over
street level
activities
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Mid rise balconies create stronger surveillance and
territoriality connecting residents with street level
Mid-rise balconyneighborhoods
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neighborhoods
create safer
street level areaswith high levels
of perceived
surveillance and
perceived
territoriality
Presentation by Russell James III, J.D., Ph.D.,Associate Professor, College of Human
Sciences, Texas Tech University.
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, y
Dr. James research has been published in a
variety of housing and design related
academic journals including: Environment& Behavior; Housing Policy Debate; Journal
of Urban Planning & Development (ASCE);
Journal of Performance of Constructed
Facilities (ASCE); Housing, Theory, and
Society; Housing & Society; Journal of the
Community Development Society
Please feel free to use any of these slides
for any non-commercial purposes.
All pictures used in this presentation are
creative commons licensed, have beenpurchased with rights to allow this usage,
are from MS PowerPoint or are the authors
own photographs. Citations for all creative
top related