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Ronéo 3 UE1 Cours 3
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UE1 Anglais
Pr.Wilks-Docteur
11/10/19
Ronéotypeuse: Sophia Courage
Cours 3:
Mental Illnesses and Mental Health Care
Dans les tableaux de vocabulaire j’ai mis uniquement les mots en gras qui sont ceux à savoir pour le CC et les
partiels. Les numéros des définitions sont ceux qui leur sont attribués dans le poly.
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PLAN:
I/ A social history of mental illnesses
1. Vocabulary
2. Fill in the gaps
3. Reading Corner
4. True or False
5. Language corner
6. Form
7. Fill in the charts with the appropriate form of “BE”
8. Use
9. Grammar Trick
10. Exercise
II/ Treatment of mental illnesses: somatic and psychotherapeutic treatments
1. Vocabulary
2. Fill in the gaps
3. True or False
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I - A Social History of Mental Illnesses
1. Vocabulary
Definition Anglais Français
1. The overall condition of an organism at a given time.
Freedom from (absence of) disease or abnormality.
A condition of optimal well-being : health la sante
2. A pathological condition of mind or body. An
abnormal physical or mental condition : disorder un trouble
4. 1.An intense mental state that arises subjectively
rather than through conscious effort and is often
accompanied by physiological changes; a strong feeling
2.The part of the consciousness that involves feeling;
sensibility :
emotion
une emotion, un
sentiment
5. The manner of conducting oneself. The actions or
reactions of persons in response to stimuli :
behavior (US) /
behaviour (UK) le comportement
6. Disease of body or mind; poor health; sickness : illness une maladie
8. A place for the care of persons who are destitute,
disabled, or mentally ill : institution
un établissement
psychiatrique
9. Having an intended or expected effect. Producing a
definite effect : effective efficace
13. To raise to a more desirable or more excellent
quality or condition; make better : improve (s’) améliorer
17. Suffering from a disease or ailment of long duration
or frequent recurrence : chronic(ally) chronique
20. A physician who practices the specialty of family
medicine. Also called family physician, family
practitioner, general practitioner :
family doctor médecin de famille,
médecin traitant
21. To restore to good health or useful and constructive
activity through therapy and education : rehabilitate rééduquer,
réinsérer
22. To have a high probability of : be likely to avoir des chances
de
23. To release, as from confinement, care etc. To let go : discharge
libérer, laisser
sortir, remettre en
liberté
25. Treatment in which a patient is not hospitalized
overnight but visits a hospital, clinic, or associated
facility for diagnosis or treatment :
Outpatient program
(≈ partial
hospitalization)
l'hôpital de jour,
un traitement
ambulatoire (pour
patients
psychiatriques)
26. Institutional health care of patients during the day.
The patients return home at night :
day care (day
treatment)
un service de
traitement
ambulatoire
(≈ partial
hospitalization)
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30. A group of people organized to work together. The
doctors and surgeons regularly attached to a hospital and
helping to determine its policies and guide its activities : staff le personnel
31. A form of psychotherapy that involves sessions
guided by a therapist and attended by several clients who
confront their personal problems together. The
interaction among clients is considered to be an integral
part of the therapeutic process. Therapy in the presence
of a therapist in which several patients discuss and share
their personal problems :
group therapy
la thérapie de
groupe
32. A rehabilitation center where people who have left
an institution, such as a hospital (as for mental disorder
or drug addiction) are helped to readjust to the outside
world and private life :
halfway house
un appartement
associatif, une
maison
communautaire
(centre de
réadaptation)
35. To place in or commit to an institution offering
specialized care (as for mental illness, substance abuse,
or epilepsy) :
institutionalise
(UK) /
institutionalize
(US)
interner, placer
dans un
établissement
(médical ou
médico-social)
36. The mental faculty by which one deliberately
chooses or decides upon a course of action; volition. A
desire, purpose, or determination :
will
la volonté, le gré de
quelqu'un
37. Having no place to live : homeless sans abri, sans
domicile
38. The rights belonging to an individual by virtue of
citizenship, fundamental freedoms and privileges : civil rights les droits civils, les
droits civiques
2. Fill in the gaps
o Mental health disorders (psychiatric disorders) involve disturbances in thinking, emotion, and
behaviour. These disorders are caused by complex interactions between physical, psychologic, social,
cultural, and hereditary influences.
o The 20th century and the deinstitutionalisation movement :
A movement in recent decades to bring mentally ill patients out of institutions has been made possible by the
development of effective antipsychotic drugs. With the deinstitutionalization movement, greater emphasis has
been placed on viewing mentally ill people as members of families and communities.
Research has demonstrated that certain interactions between families and patients can improve or worsen
mental illness. Therefore, family therapy techniques have been developed that dramatically prevent the
chronically mentally ill from needing to be reinstitutionalised. Today the family of a mentally ill patient is
more involved than ever as an ally in treatment. The family doctor also plays an important role in rehabilitating
a patient into the community. In addition, mentally ill people who must be hospitalized are less likely to be
isolated and restrained than in the past, and they are often discharged early into partial hospital programs and
day treatment centres. These settings are less expensive because fewer staff are involved, the emphasis is on
group therapy rather than individual therapy, and patients sleep at home or in halfway houses.
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However, the deinstitutionalization movement has had its share of problems. Because mentally ill people who
are not a danger to themselves or society can no longer be institutionalized or treated against their will, many
have become homeless. Although these legal measures protect people's civil rights, they make it more difficult
to provide needed treatment to many patients, some of whom may be extremely irrational.
3. Reading Comprehension
1. Explain the objectives and methods of the deinstitutionalisation movement
- Family therapy : support system and compliance
- New drugs
- Treat them as humans
- Reintegrate them in the society, help the live a normal life thanks to drugs
- Family doctor for the follow up
2. Explain the inherent difficulties the deinstitutionalisation movement has encountered
- Some of the patients become homeless
- Important noncompliance when the patients are outside of the institution
3. Describe the advantages of partial hospital programs and day treatment centres
- Family therapy
- Humanization
- Control the compliance
- Less expensive
- Group therapy
- Reintegrate
- Don’t fill like an outcast
4. True or False
i.Deinstitutionalization relies on family therapy and rehabilitation as alternatives to drug therapy.
FALSE. The drug therapy can’t be replaced.
200 years ago TODAY
Societal attitudes Seen as animals – locked away Attempt to reintegrate
Seen as having an illness / disease
like other physical problems
Facilities Asylums – institutions
Chains and straitjackets
Psychiatric hospitals/clinics
(inpatient)
Outpatient
Diagnosis Believe to be humoral imbalance Observation of behaviour
Science and genetics
Treatment Purging : forced vomiting, bleeding
Sedation
A two pronged approach : talking
therapy and medical therapy
Prognosis Bad
Stay till end of life and shortened
life expectancy
Good if patient is compliant with
medication
Regular monitoring
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5. Language corner
DEFINITION NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE GROUP OF
PEOPLE
1. a. Relating to the mind; Intellectual.
b. Relating to, or affected by a
disorder of the mind :
mind
mental Mentally-ill people
The mentally-ill
2. Relating to the branch of
medicine that deals with the
diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention of mental and
emotional disorders :
psychiatry
psychiatric psychiatrists
3.Mental or emotional
unbalance or disorder : disturbance to disturb disturbed
4. Powerful tranquilizers used
especially to treat psychotic
disorders, such as
schizophrenia, paranoia, and
manic-depressive psychosis
and believed to act by blocking
dopamine nervous receptors.
Also called neuroleptic :
antipsychotics
antipsychotic
5.The release of
institutionalized individuals
from institutional care (as in a
psychiatric hospital) to care in
the community :
Désinstitutiona
lisation
The
deinstitutionalized
Use of English: Explain how the shift from adjective to group of people works:
o The + adjective : The mentally ill people
o Noun + -s : Psychiatrists
6. Form
They are often discharged early into partial hospital programs → present simple
A movement in recent decades to bring mentally ill patients out of institutions has been made possible by the
development of effective antipsychotic drugs. → present perfect (begin in the past and doesn’t stop or impact
in the present)
Treatment for the "insane" (i.e. mentally ill patients) until the 18th and early 19th centuries was dominated by
the attempt to rectify (…) → preterit passive
James Norris, who had been restrained in chains for fourteen years (…) → past perfect passive
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7. Fill in the chart with the appropriate form of “BE”
TENSE BE PAST PARTICIPLE (diagnose)
Present simple am/is/are diagnosed
Present continuous am/is/are being diagnosed
Present perfect has/have diagnosed
Present perfect continuous has/have been being diagnosed
Past simple was/were diagnosed
Past continuous was/were being diagnosed
Past perfect had been diagnosed
Past perfect continuous was/were been being diagnosed
Future simple will be diagnosed
Future continuous will been being diagnosed
Future perfect will have been diagnosed
Modals (can, could, may, might,
must, should, shall, ought to)
can be diagnosed
8. Use
THE TYPICAL FORM OF THE PASSIVE VOICE: BE + Past participle
The passive mode is used in sentences that emphasize the action or a procedure and not the subject that
accomplishes it, and as such, its use is crucial in scientific English. When transforming an active sentence into the
passive mode, the object of the original sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence, while the person
accomplishing the action is introduced into the sentence as a complement to the verb, preceded by the preposition by.
Example
Active: The parliament has adopted a new piece of legislation in order to deinstitutionalise patients.
Passive: A new piece of legislation has been adopted by the parliament in order to deinstitutionalise patients.
9. Grammar trick
I → Think of using the passive mode when in French you would use the general subject ‘ON’.
Example: On enferme les patients jugés dangereux dans des cellules sécurisées.
Patients who are deemed dangerous are locked up in secure cells.
II → Verbs with a double complement f. ex. give something to somebody/ somebody something, prescribe, tell
etc. can be transformed into the passive voice in two ways.
Example
Active voice: The medical team gave a powerful sedative to the patient.
Passive voice: A powerful sedative was given to the patient (by the medical team.) / The patient was given a powerful
sedative (by the medical team.)
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10. Exercise
Poor Kevin, he had been hallucinating for months: he thought the Guardian Angels of the Nation, a secret alien
species had been watching him and putting thoughts in his head. Finally, he was institutionalized last month where
he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. Unfortunately, the Clozapine he had been prescribed first didn’t
work and he had to be put in a straitjacket, because he was acting out so wildly that he was deemed dangerous to
himself and to others: he alleged that the medical team were part of a secret plot planning to assassinate the president
of the United States and himself, because he was the only person able to prevent the attack. Finally, he was switched
to Iloperidone which finally reduced his symptoms: he admitted that the Guardian Angels were an imaginary species
and was less eager to protect the president. He was released from the institution last week and he has been living in a
halfway house ever since.
II -Treatment of mental illnesses: somatic and psychotherapeutic treatments
1. Vocabulary
Definition Anglais Français
41. Relating to, or affecting the body, especially as distinguished
from a body part, the mind, or the environment; corporeal or
physical :
somatic
somatique,
(un traitement)
organique
42. Relating to treatment of mental or emotional disorder or
maladjustment by psychological means especially involving verbal
communication (as in psychoanalysis, nondirective psychotherapy,
re-education, or hypnosis) :
psychotherapeutic psychothérap(eut)ique
44. Treatment in which a person takes regular doses of a
prescription medication, such as antipsychotics, antianxiety
medications, antidepressants, or antimanic medications, intended
to reduce symptoms of mental illness :
drug therapy
la thérapie
médicamenteuse, par
les médicaments, la
pharmacothérapie
45. Administration of electric current to the brain through
electrodes placed on the head in order to induce unconsciousness
and brief convulsions, used in the treatment of certain mental
disorders, especially acute depression. Also called electroshock
therapy. ECT :
electroconvulsive
therapy
la thérapie par
électrochocs, la
sismothérapie
46. Treatment of mental or emotional disorder or maladjustment
by psychological means especially involving verbal
communication (as in psychoanalysis, nondirective psychotherapy,
re-education, or hypnosis) :
psychotherapy la psychothérapie
47. Repetition so as to develop a skill. Instruction as to a mode of
behavior : training
l'entraînement, la
formation
48. A state that resembles sleep but is induced by a person whose
suggestions are readily accepted and in which the subject may
experience forgotten or suppressed memories or hallucinations :
hypnosis l'hypnose
50. Very much; very; extremely. To an elevated degree : highly extrêmement
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51. Extensively, over a great distance. Including many. widely largement
52. A physician who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention of mental and emotional disorders : psychiatrist un psychiatre
53. Chiefly; mainly. For the greater or larger part : primarily principalement
54. A drug used to prevent or relieve mental depression : antidepressant un antidépresseur
55. To identify a person as having a particular disease or
condition by means of a diagnosis :
diagnose a patient
with X
diagnostiquer X chez
qqn
58. To react positively or favorably : respond to réagir positivement
59. Tending to prevent or relieve anxiety antianxiety drugs: antianxiety un anxiolytique
60. An anxiety neurosis characterized by the occurrence of
intense attacks of anxiety (recurrent unexpected panic attacks)
followed by a month or more of worry about their recurrence,
implications, or consequences or by a change in behavior related
to the panic attacks, usually resulting in the development of one
or more phobias :
panic disorder le trouble panique
61. A psychiatric medication such as lithium carbonate, valproic
acid, or carbamazepine used to treat mood disorders characterized
by rapid and unstable mood shifts (e.g. bipolar disorder, and
borderline personality disorder). Most are anticonvulsants, with
the important exception of lithium :
mood stabilizer
un
antimaniacodepressif,
un psychorégulateur
62. The uppermost part of the body, containing the brain and the
eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and jaws : head la tête
63. A number of objects or events arranged or coming one after
the other in succession : series une série
64. Sudden stimulation of the nerves or convulsive contraction of
the muscles accompanied by a feeling of concussion that is
caused by the discharge through the animal body of electricity
from a charged source :
electric shock une décharge
électrique
67. A sudden attack, spasm, or convulsion, as in epilepsy or
another disorder : seizure
une attaque
convulsive
68. With coherence, reliability or uniformity. Regularly,
constantly : consistently
constamment,
régulièrement
70. Not causing harm or injury; especially having a low incidence
of adverse reactions and significant side effects and having a low
potential for harm. Without significant danger or risk, inoffensive
safe sûr, sans danger
71. An agent that causes loss of sensation with or without the loss
of consciousness : anesthetic
un anesthésique, un
anesthésiant
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72. A substance (as a drug) that relaxes; specifically, one that
relieves muscular tension : muscle relaxant
un myorelaxant, un
décontractant
74. To bring down in extent, amount, or degree; diminish,
decrease :
reduce réduire
75. A person engaged in work intended to advance the social
conditions of a community, and especially of the disadvantaged,
by providing psychological counselling, guidance, and assistance,
especially in the form of social services :
social worker une assistante sociale,
un travailleur social
76. A person who is skilled or trained in caring for the sick or
infirm especially under the supervision of a physician : nurse une infirmière
77. A person engaged in guidance of the individual by utilizing
psychological methods : counselor
un conseiller, un
éducateur spécialisé
79. A person specializing in therapy; especially one trained in
methods of treatment and rehabilitation other than the use of
drugs or surgery :
therapist un (psycho)thérapeute
81. Psychotherapy using Freudian principles. cf. psychoanalysis : dynamic
psychotherapy
la psychothérapie
dynamique,
(≈la thérapie
psychanalytique)
82. A method of analyzing psychic phenomena and treating
mental and emotional disorders that is based on the concepts and
theories of Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes the importance of
free association and dream analysis, and that involves treatment
sessions during which the patient is encouraged to talk freely
about personal experiences and especially about early childhood
and dreams :
psychoanalysis la psychanalyse
83. Occurring in the absence of conscious awareness or thought.
Without conscious control; involuntary or unintended : unconscious inconscient
84. A model. A mode of behavior or cluster of mental attitudes,
beliefs, and values : pattern un modèle, un schéma
85. A form of psychosocial therapy that assumes that
maladaptive, or faulty, thinking patterns cause maladaptive
behavior and "negative" emotions. The treatment focuses on
changing an individual's thoughts (cognitive patterns) in order to
change his behavior and emotional state. Psychotherapy
especially for depression that emphasizes the substitution of
desirable patterns of thinking for undesirable ones (in order to
substitute desirable responses and behavior patterns for
undesirable ones) :
cognitive
(behavioral)
therapy
la psychothérapie
cognitive
(cognitivo-
comportmentaliste)
86. A misrepresentation, a misinterpretation or deformation. An
incorrect, abnormal perception : distortion une déformation
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87. A form of psychotherapy that uses basic learning techniques
to substitute desirable responses and behavior patterns for
undesirable ones : behavioral therapy
la (psycho)thérapie
comportementale
(comportementaliste)
89. To forget or try to forget (something learned). To undo the
effect of; put aside (lose) the practice of : unlearn désapprendre
90. Associated with a secondary stimulus through frequent
repetition :
conditioned conditionné
92. Psychotherapy that focuses on a patient's interpersonal
relationships and that is used especially to treat depression. IPT : interpersonal
therapy
la (psycho)thérapie
interpersonnelle
2. Fill in the gaps
o Treatment of Mental Illness
Most psychiatric treatment methods can be categorized as either somatic or psychotherapeutic. Somatic include
drug therapy and electroconvulsive therapy. Psychotherapeutic treatments include psychotherapy (individual,
group, or family), and behavioral therapy techniques (such as relaxation training and hypnosis). Most studies
suggest that for major psychiatric disorders, a treatment approach involving both drugs and psychotherapy is more
effective than either treatment method used alone.
o Drug Treatment
Over the last 40 years, a number of psychiatric drugs have been developed that are highly effective and widely
used by psychiatrists and other doctors. These drugs are often categorized according to the disorder for which they
are primarily prescribed. For example, antidepressants, are used to treat depression. Antidepressants work to
balance neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The most common types of
antidepressants are called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Serotonin helps with the modulation of
anger, appetite, sexuality, sleep, mood, etc. This chemical is found in very low amounts in people diagnosed with
depression. SSRIs increase the level of serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake (reabsorption by neurons). Antipsychotic drugs are helpful for people with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. All antipsychotic
drugs tend to block D2 receptors in the dopamine pathways of the brain, where excess dopamine has been linked
to psychotic experiences. New "atypical" antipsychotic drugs may be useful for some patients who have not
responded to other antipsychotic drugs. Atypical antipsychotics (a.k.a. second-generation antipsychotics) are a
diverse group of drugs that work differently from typical antipsychotics, but most share a common attribute of
working on serotonin receptors as well as dopamine receptors. Antianxiety drugs may be used to treat anxiety
disorders such as panic disorder and phobias. They work by increasing the efficiency of a natural brain chemical,
GABA5, to decrease the excitability of certain neurons. This reduces the communication between neurons and
therefore has a calming effect. Mood stabilizers have been used with some success in patients with manic-
depressive illness. Most mood stabilizers (e.g. carbamazepine) are anticonvulsants, with the important exception
of lithium, which is the oldest and best-known mood stabilizing drug.
o Electroconvulsive Therapy
With electroconvulsive therapy, electrodes are attached to the head and a series of electric shocks are delivered to
the brain to induce seizures. This therapy has consistently been shown to be the most effective treatment for
severe depression. Contrary to its portrayal in the media, electroconvulsive therapy is safe and rarely causes any
serious complications. The modern use of anaesthetics and muscle relaxants has greatly reduced any risk to the
patient.
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o Psychotherapy
In recent years, significant advances have been made in the field of psychotherapy. Psychiatrists are not the only
mental health professionals trained to practice psychotherapy. Others include clinical psychologists, social
workers, nurses, and counsellors; however, psychiatrists are the only mental health professionals licensed to
prescribe drugs.
Although individual psychotherapy is practiced in many different ways, most therapists are affiliated with one of
four schools of psychotherapy: dynamic, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, or behavioral. Dynamic
psychotherapy is derived from psychoanalysis and is based on helping the patient understand unconscious
conflicts and patterns that may be creating symptoms and difficulties with relationships. Cognitive behaviorial
therapy (CBT) focuses primarily on distortions in the patient's thinking. Behavioral therapy is geared toward
helping patients unlearn conditioned ways of reacting to events around them. Interpersonal therapy focuses on
how a loss or change in a relationship affects the patient. In practice, many psychotherapists combine techniques,
depending on a patient's needs.
3. True or False
ii. The goal of psychotherapy is to discover unconscious components of patients' mental processes.
FALSE. Dynamic psychotherapy.
iii. Dynamic psychotherapy focuses on unconscious conflicts, whereas CBT focuses on conscious patterns of thinking.
TRUE. They help the patient with a diary where they write what was stressful for example.
iv. Family therapy can help psychotic patients get off their medications.
FALSE. Some diseases will always require medication. Family therapy completes the use of antipsychotic drugs. The
family job is mainly following up and ensuring the compliance.
v. Antidepressants (SSRIs) contain the hormone “serotonin”, the lack of which is usually responsible for depressive
episodes.
FALSE. There is no hormone in antidepressants. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter.
vi. Antianxiety drugs reduce the amount of GABA in the brain, a neurotransmitter the overproduction of which leads
to an increase in excitability of neurons and ultimately to anxiety disorders.
FALSE. GABA decreases the excitability of certain neurons.
vii. Electroconvulsive therapy has been proven to be efficient in treating severe mood disorders by voluntarily
inducing seizures in the brain with the help of electrodes.
TRUE.
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