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Counter Measures in
Fisheries & Aquaculture –
Climate Change
Jackie Alder
UNEP
Outline
Background
Current Challenges
Counter Measures
Fisheries
Current state of fisheries
North Sea (SAUP 2011)
Other
Pollution - nutrients
Habitat loss – various drivers
Biodiversity declines – various drivers
Climate Change - Oceans
Increasing sea temperature
Sea level rise
Acidification
Increased flooding/droughts
Challenges Population growth
Income growth
Increasing demand for fish
Uncertainty of climate change impacts
(FAO 2010)
Meeting Demand
Capture fisheries
Aquaculture – all forms
Other protein substitutes
1970 – 2008 production of food fish from aquaculture increased at
an average annual rate of 8.3%, while the world population grew at
an average of 1.6% per year = average annual per capita supply of
food fish from aquaculture increased 10 times or 6.6% growth/year
(SOFIA 2010)
Uncertainty of climate change
Fish and fisheries
Population size and structure
Distribution
Reproductive success
Recruitment
Multiple Stressors
Holbrook et al 2002
2003
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2007
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2011
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2015
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2019
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2023
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2027
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2031
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2035
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2039
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2043
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2047
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2051
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2055
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
2059
Relative abundance
0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative
abundance
South African hake
(Merluccius capensis)
Multiple Stressors
T, O2, acidity
• Metabolism
• Skeleton/shell formation
• Respiration
• Enzyme and cell functioning
Stress = less energy for growth &
reproduction
How does this affect the energy
flows – food chain?
Limited understanding where there
are multiple stressors
Research needs to be integrated • Despite warmer water, larval and juvenile
survival of pollock in NE Pacific is lower because
of the wrong zooplankton is available it affects
feed
• Coral hybridization may increase as species
boundaries are lost increasing biodiversity, but
how will these hybrids survive with diminished
water quality -
Other Challenges
Pollution – interaction with increasing
acidity
Habitat Loss
Deltas and estuaries are in the front line of climate change. For
example, sea level rise and reduced river flows are causing
increasing saltwater intrusion in the Mekong delta -threatening the
viability of catfish aquaculture. The industry produces about 1
million tonnes/year, valued at $1 billion & provides over 150,000 job
opportunities, mostly for women
Clam larval survival in the east coast of the USA may be impacted by
combination of pollution, eutrophication and acidification, similar
poor recruitment in west coast of USA
Counter Measures
Mitigation
Aquaculture
Alternative protein sources
Adaptation
Vulnerability
Resilience
Counter Measures
Mitigation
Some scope for reducing emissions
Habitats – Blue Forests/Carbon
Counter Measures Aquaculture?
Similar challenges for
marine/brackish based
• Acidification, hypoxia, etc.
• Some scope natural oyster beds in the Pacific Northwest have
experienced a multi-year recruitment failure,
producing no commercially significant oyster sets.
Acidification poses a severe threat to hatcheries
that supply most of the region’s $100 million+ oyster
industry. Because this corrosive seawater kills oyster
larvae, one of the region’s largest hatcheries
(Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery at Netarts Bay)
suffered a 70- 80% decline in oyster larval
production in 2007 and 2008
Countermeasures Alternative Sources of Protein?
Intensive animal production
systems
• Fishmeal, feeds, land, water
inputs needed
Intensive plant production
systems
• Competing with biofuels
• Water (floods/droughts), land
and fertilizer issues
Adaptation
Fisheries
Habitats X
Fisheries
Communities
Reduce
Vulnerability
Increase
Resilience
Fisheries & Habitats Diverse stocks
Population structures
Maintain biodiversity
Reduce pollution – land & marine, invasives
Manage coasts and offshore areas including
establishing networks of marine protected areas
within wider ecosystem framework
Identify the multiple benefits of these ecosystem
services
Value these services
!Marine Protected Areas
Coastal Communities Identify disaster risk reduction
measures
Protect and rehabilitate coastal
ecosystems to build resilience
Ensure adaptation measures do
not risk ecosystem services
(within and beyond the site)
Eliminate subsidies that
exacerbate unsustainable
fisheries and aquaculture, and
other coastal developments
Climate Change Perspective
The scale of change due to climate
and the change due to human
activities
Addressing current human activities
will contribute to mitigating and
adapting to climate change
Need to start now
Summary Ecosystem approach that integrates all sectors is an
essential counter measure for climate change in oceans and fisheries – review of ocean governance
Subsidies need to be changed, shift some of the perverse to more sustainable activities such as alternative feeds for fishmeal and more sustainable aquaculture methods
Reduce pollution, especially nutrients entering coastal waters
Manage coastal ecosystems for their multiple benefits – carbon capture & storage, and adaptation
Strengthen instruments for managing marine invasive species
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