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COST EFFECTIVE ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS USING
ADAPTED PCB TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE DETECTION OF
BIOMARKERS
2ND WORKSHOP ON PCB BIO-MEMS
MAY 31, 2017, MERIDEN, UK
JAN VANFLETEREN, PATRICIA KHASHAYAR, LOTHAR MADER, PIETRO SALVO
CENTER FOR MICROSYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, IMEC, ZWIJNAARDE, BELGIUM
WWW.CMST.BE
JAN.VANFLETEREN@IMEC.BE
CONTENTS
CMST introduction
Electrochemistry for biomolecules detection
FP7-MIRACLE project : DNA detection
Bone Turnover Marker (BTM) sensors
H2020 PoCOsteo project
Conclusions and acknowledgement
2
CONTENTS
CMST introduction
Electrochemistry for biomolecules detection
FP7-MIRACLE project : DNA detection
Bone Turnover Marker (BTM) sensors
H2020 PoCOsteo project
Conclusions and acknowledgement
3
4
CMST: DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY OF MICROSYSTEMS
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Electronics and Information Systems
Smart Systems and Energy Technology
Body Area Networks
Personnel Equipment
Personnel Infrastructure
Equipment
5
CMST INTRODUCTION – ULTRA THIN CHIP PACKAGE
2
© IMEC 2017 < 7 EIPC Summer Conference, Birmingham, UK, June 2, 2017 – J. Vanfleteren
CMST introduction – PCB based stretchable circuits
CMST INTRODUCTION – CELL CULTURING AND MICROFLUIDICS
8
Integration of electrical functions in microfluidics
Porous membrane integration
Cell
seeding
Osmotic pump
Chip in PDMS microfluidics
(LED/photodiode aray)
Soft polymer based bioreactors
CONTENTS
CMST introduction
Electrochemistry for biomolecules detection
FP7-MIRACLE project : DNA detection
Bone Turnover Marker (BTM) sensors
H2020 PoCOsteo project
Conclusions and acknowledgement
9
ELECTROCHEMISTRY FOR BIOMOLECULES DETECTION
10
Principle :
• Modulation of an electrical current (ion
current decrease / charge transfer
(current generation) by binding
biomolecules to a conducting
(working) electrode
• Current level is determined by the
concentration of bound biomolecules
• Selective binding necessary
ELECTROCHEMISTRY FOR BIOMOLECULES DETECTION
11
Working electrode
Cross linking molecules
(1) Antibody or (2) DNA fragment
Biomolecule to detect : (1) protein antigen, or
(2) DNA fragment
• We use redox probes (e.g. K3[Fe(CN)6], PBS,...)for (ionic) current generation
• For the protein/antibody case : the higher the protein concentration, the more proteins will bind to the antibodies, the more difficult the ions of the redox probe will reach the working electrode, the lower the measured electrical current will be.
• For the DNA case : attachment of first DNA current decrease (similar as protein/AB); attachment of second DNA fragment generates a charge transfer and a current
ELECTROCHEMISTRY FOR BIOMOLECULES DETECTION
12
• Required : starting substrate with conductive electrodes (Au)
• Technology options :
• Thin-film (e.g. sputtered) (on glass or ceramic substrate)
• Printed (screen, stencil, inkjet)(on glass or ceramic substrate)
• PCB based (on FR4 or PI/PET flex substrate)
• Thin-film (fine patterns, <10micron) and printed (additive, more cost
effective) are standard; can PCB offer an alternative ?
CONTENTS
CMST introduction
Electrochemistry for biomolecules detection
FP7-MIRACLE project : DNA detection
Bone Turnover Marker (BTM) sensors
H2020 PoCOsteo project
Conclusions and acknowledgement
13
FP7-MIRACLE
14
• First use case : EU-FP7-MIRACLE (2010-2014) : “Magnetic Isolation and
moleculaR Analysis of single CircuLating and disseminated tumor cElls on
chip”
• Genetic analysis using electrochemical sensor, responsible partner : URV
(Taragona, Spain)
• At the beginning of the project URV used thin-film-on-glass electrodes
imec suggested switch to PCB, developed the technology, and delivered
PCB sensor array samples to URV.
FP7-MIRACLE
15
Design:
• 64 working electrodes
• 25mm x 25mm substrate
• Only active electrode surfaces exposed to biofluid, other surfaces (interconnections) isolated
FP7-MIRACLE
16
• Sustrates :
• FR4 rigid (1.2mm FR4 + 18µm Cu)
• PI flex (50µm PI + 18µm Cu)
• PET flex (125µm PET + 3µm Cu)
• Isolation layers :
• SU8 (negative photoresist)
• AZ4562 (positive photoresist)
• Screen printable solder mask
Process (key steps): 1. Preparation of boards (micro-
etching) 2. Lithography + etching
1. Spinning resist (AZ4562 at 2000 rpm for 60 s)
2. Illumination (UV exposure)
3. Developing (AZ4562 developer for 2 min)
4. Spray etching (CuCl2 / HCl)
5. Stripping (AZ400K developer for 2 min).
3. Electroless NiAu plating (hypophosphite bath)
4. Deposition of passivation layer
FP7-MIRACLE
17
Polyimide flex after
electroless NiAu
Finished substrate :
FR4 + solder mask
FP7-MIRACLE
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• Conclusions :
• Solder mask works best as passivation
• All 3 substrate types can be used, preference for FR4 and PI
• Electroless Ni/Au : 5µm Ni (can be modified) + “flash” Au (limited to <1µm)
not fully biocompatible, probably because of nickel diffusion on the surface
through thin Au adapted process necessary with thicker (electroplated) Au
FP7-MIRACLE
19
Adapted process : replace electroless NiAu by electroplated Ni/Au (Enthone chemistry)
1. Nickel deposition (Lectronic 10-03), 5 µm, on copper
2. Strike-gold (Aurobond), 200 nm, used to prevent nickel diffusion and improve gold adhesion
3. Gold deposition (Neutronex 309), 3 and 5 µm.
Design change : Cu ring (shorting all electrodes for electroplating), to be removed mechanically
Cathode Plating Clamping area
FP7-MIRACLE
20
Cross section : 5 µm Ni / 5 µm Au
FP7-MIRACLE
21
Finished sensor array (FR4 / solder mask passivation)
FP7-MIRACLE
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• Roughness of plated NiAu increases sensitivity
• No difference between 3 and 5 µm Au
Cyclic voltammogram recorded in 0.5 M H2SO4, 100 mV s−1 (electrode cleaning) (oxidation @ 1.1V and reduction @ 0.7V visible)
5 mM K3Fe(CN6) clean, mercaptoundodecanoic modified (MUA) and DNA modified (DNA) 3 μm thick gold electrodes)
FP7-MIRACLE
23
Selective detection of breast cancer markers : 5 nM of TACSTD1 target at the electrodes modified with either complementary TACSTD1 probe, or non-complementary GRP, MYC, SCGB2A1, SCGB2A2, TOP2A
Response from TACSTD1 specific and DT (Backfiller) sensors for different concentrations of TACSTD1 target
CONTENTS
CMST introduction
Electrochemistry for biomolecules detection
FP7-MIRACLE project : DNA detection
Bone Turnover Marker (BTM) sensors
H2020 PoCOsteo project
Conclusions and acknowledgement
24
BTM (BONE TURNOVER MARKER) SENSORS
Bone turnover is essential for bone health. It is a process characterized by 2
tightly coupled activities:
First being torn down (bone resorption) and then being rebuilt (bone formation)
Formation Resorption
Remodeling Balance
Stable Bone Mass
25
BTM (BONE TURNOVER MARKER) SENSORS
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After middle age, bone loss occurs as resorption
exceeds formation…
Formation
Resorption
Negative Remodeling Balance
Bone Mass decrease
BTM (BONE TURNOVER MARKER) SENSORS
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.... Potentially leading to osteoporosis :
• Fracture is a common but drastic osteoporosis complication imposing a
heavy burden on both the society and family
BTM (BONE TURNOVER MARKER) SENSORS
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Current diagnostics : not suitable for preventive screening, nor for treatment monitoring
BMD (bone mineral density) : X-ray based,
detection only when BMD significantly decreased (bone restauration impossible),
no information on cause of osteoporosis (bone resorption / formation);
2 years interval between tests needed to see significant changes in monitoring treatment
ECLIA (Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay) & ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) : expensive,
not available everywhere,
skilled technician needed;
long waiting time in centralized laboratories
(GE Lunar)
(TZD Technology)
BTM (BONE TURNOVER MARKER) SENSORS
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• Need for a simple, yet accurate PoC device for osteoporosis prevention,
diagnosis, treatment follow-up
• Development of such a device was done in the frame of a joint PhD (P.
Khashayar, Ghent University and Tehran University, Iran) (2014-2017).
• Aim : development an electrochemical sensor + microfluidic chip for at
least 1 marker for bone formation (OC (osteocalcin), or P1NP) and 1
marker for bone resorption (CTX)
BTM (BONE TURNOVER MARKER) SENSORS
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Implementation during PhD work : 1. Glass
2. sputtered / photolithography / wet etching defined 50nm TiW/ 100nm Au thin film
3. SU8 passivation
BTM (BONE TURNOVER MARKER) SENSORS
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• Au NP (nanoparticles) deposited through ECV (electrodeposition using cyclic voltammetry)
• GSH = gluthathione
• Ab’s (antibodies) immobilized on GSH through sulfo-NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) crosslinkers
Au NP’s : considerable increase of roughness and total active area of the electrode surface
BTM (BONE TURNOVER MARKER) SENSORS
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• Microfluidic device build-up : 1. Glass + thin film electrodes
2. Laser structured double sided tape (3M-9965 biocompatible tape)
3. Top plate (COC) with access holes
Tape partially cut to facilitate the handling, aligning and assembling process
BTM (BONE TURNOVER MARKER) SENSORS
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Final assembly
COC
TAPE
GLASS
Electrical interconnection
Fluidic interconnection
Tape thickness = channel height = 85...90
BTM (BONE TURNOVER MARKER) SENSORS
34
Measurements on real serum samples : good agreement between our PoC tool and “golden standard” ECLIA measurements (executed at UGent University Hospital for both types of markers (osteocalcin and CTX) in relevant concentrations
BTM (BONE TURNOVER MARKER) SENSORS
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• Replacement of glass by PCB : 150nm metallisation (TiW/Au) replaced by 17μm Cu + 5 μm Ni + 5 μm Au
BTM (BONE TURNOVER MARKER) SENSORS
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• Main differences with MIRACLE dedicated PCB fabrication process :
• Now start from commercially purchased PCB + Cu pattern; perform Ni/Au plating steps in-house
• New Au plating bath (proprietary, composed from commercially available ingredients)
• Non-uniformity in Au plating results cleanliness (e.g. rinsing steps) in commercial PCB manufacturing perhaps insufficient for our back-end processing ? switch to full in-house PCB production
Clean Dirty
BTM (BONE TURNOVER MARKER) SENSORS
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PCB + 3M tape + rigid 1mm COC top plate leakage
PCB + 3M tape + thin (135 μm) COC (Topas) top foil no
leakage !
CONTENTS
CMST introduction
Electrochemistry for biomolecules detection
FP7-MIRACLE project : DNA detection
Bone Turnover Marker (BTM) sensors
H2020 PoCOsteo project
Conclusions and acknowledgement
38
H2020-POCOSTEO PROJECT
39
• H2020-RIA, Topic NMBP-13-2017 : Cross-cutting KETs for
diagnostics at the point-of-care
• Aim : development, clinical validation and
preparation for commercialisation of a Point-of-Care
tool for bone disease (a.o. osteoporosis) prevention,
detection and treatment.
• Budget : 4Meuro
• Duration : 4 years
• Estimated start : October 1, 2017
H2020-POCOSTEO PROJECT
40
Partners : • Ghent University (UGent, Belgium) : coordinator, development of
proteomic sensor
• Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV, Spain) : development of genomic
sensor
• Fraunhofer IMM (Germany) : microfluidics research
• microLIQUID (µLIQ, Spain) : microfluidics production (SME)
• Labman (UK) : PoC tool production (SME)
• Medical University of Graz (MUG, Austria) : clinical validation
• Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI, Iran) : clinical validation
• Fundico (Belgium) : administrative coordination
H2020-POCOSTEO PROJECT
41
H2020-POCOSTEO PROJECT
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Sensor development challenges : • Increase sensor shelf life to > 6 – 12 months (proper packaging,
chemical electrode surface modification,…)
• Implementation in cost effective technologies : PCB, printing
• Transfer to an industrial partner – microLIQUID has no PCB manufacturing capabilities
CONTENTS
CMST introduction
Electrochemistry for biomolecules detection
FP7-MIRACLE project : DNA detection
Bone Turnover Marker (BTM) sensors
H2020 PoCOsteo project
Conclusions and acknowledgement
43
CONCLUSIONS
44
• PCB technology is an alternative for the cost effective fabrication of electrochemistry based biosensors, with printing as a potential competing technology
• Feasibility of PCB biosensors was demonstrated for the selective detection of cancer markers (FP7-MIRACLE)
• Transfer to industrial environment of PCB biosensor substrate production might require upgrade of production standards (cleanliness, etc.)
• Potential wide application area, our next target application will be osteoporosis management (H2020-PoCOsteo)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
45
Funding projects : • EC-FP7-MIRACLE (Grant Agreement Number 257743)
• EC-H2020-PoCOsteo (Grant Agreement Number 767325)
46
Questions?
Thank you !
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