copyright © 2007 pearson prentice hall, inc. 1 geology 4th edition by chernicoff & whitney...
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 1
Geology 4th edition
by Chernicoff & Whitney
Chapter 20
Human Use of the Earth’s Resources
Chapter 20
Human Use of the Earth’s Resources
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Energy and Mineral
Resources
Energy and Mineral
Resources
Figure 20-2
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Reserves and ResourcesReserves and Resources
Reserves - Natural resources that have been discovered and can be extracted for a profit with existing technology and under prevailing economic conditions
Resources - Deposits that we know or believe to exist, but that are not exploitable today, whether for technological, economic, or political reasons
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Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Renewable resources - Natural resources that are replenished over relatively short time spans (e.g., trees) or are available continuously (e.g., sunlight)
Nonrenewable resources - Natural resources that form so slowly that they are typically consumed more quickly than nature can replenish them (e.g., oil)
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Energy Resources
Fossil fuels
Energy Resources
Fossil fuels
Figure 20-4
• Petroleum (hydrocarbons) Oil Natural gas
• Coal
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PetroleumFormation
PetroleumFormation
0°C
100°C
Organics(Forams, etc.)
Kerogen
Tar, Paraffin, Wax
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Smaller,simplercompounds
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PetroleumFormation
PetroleumFormation
Figure 20-5
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PetroleumOil shales and
tar sands
PetroleumOil shales and
tar sands
Figures 20-6 and 20-7
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PetroleumGas hydrates
PetroleumGas hydrates
Highlight 20-1
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PetroleumNorth American
deposits
PetroleumNorth American
deposits
Figure 20-6
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CoalCoal
Lignite
BituminousCoal
Anthracite
Peat Increasing Temperature and
Pressure
Increase Carbon Content:CleanerBurning
Figure 20-8
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CoalFormationCoal
Formation
• Terrestrial plant remains• Solar energy trapped by
photosynthesis
Figure 6-27
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CoalNorth American
deposits
CoalNorth American
deposits
Figure 20-8
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Fossil Fuels and the EnvironmentFossil Fuels and the Environment
Figure 20-10
• Acid rain• Global warming• Marine oil spills
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Fossil Fuels and the EnvironmentFormation of acid rain
Fossil Fuels and the EnvironmentFormation of acid rain
Figure 20-9
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Fossil Fuels and the EnvironmentFossil Fuels and the Environment
• Acid rain• Global warming• Marine oil spills
Figure 20-11
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Fossil Fuels and the EnvironmentFossil Fuels and the Environment
Figure 20-12
• Acid rain• Global warming• Marine oil spills
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Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
Figure 20-13
• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Tidal• Solar• Wind• Biomass• Nuclear
Fission Fusion
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Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
Figure 20-14
• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Tidal• Solar• Wind• Biomass• Nuclear
Fission Fusion
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Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
McNary Dam (Washington/Oregon) R. Viens
• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Tidal• Solar• Wind• Biomass• Nuclear
Fission Fusion
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Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Tidal• Solar• Wind• Biomass• Nuclear
Fission Fusion
Figure 20-16
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Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Tidal• Solar• Wind• Biomass• Nuclear
Fission Fusion
Figure 20-17
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Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Tidal• Solar• Wind• Biomass• Nuclear
Fission Fusion
Figure 20-17
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Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Tidal• Solar• Wind• Biomass• Nuclear
Fission Fusion
Figure 20-19
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Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Tidal• Solar• Wind• Biomass• Nuclear
Fission Fusion
Figure 20-19
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Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Renewable
Figure 14-12
• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Tidal• Solar• Wind• Biomass• Nuclear
Fission Fusion
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Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Nonrenewable
Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Nonrenewable
Figure 20-20
• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Tidal• Solar• Wind• Biomass• Nuclear
Fission Fusion
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Energy ResourcesDealing with nuclear waste
Energy ResourcesDealing with nuclear waste
Figure 20-21
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Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Nonrenewable
Energy ResourcesAlternative energy resources - Nonrenewable
• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Tidal• Solar• Wind• Biomass• Nuclear
Fission Fusion
(NASA)
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Mineral ResourcesMineral Resources
Metallic resources - e.g., gold, silver, platinum; and oxides and sulfides of iron, copper, and aluminum
Nonmetallic resources - e.g., sand and gravel, limestone, and gemstones
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MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
Figure 20-22
• Hydrothermal deposits• Porphyry copper
deposits• Massive sulfide deposits• Gravity settling deposits• Placer deposits• Banded iron formations• Secondary enrichment
deposits
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MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
• Hydrothermal deposits• Porphyry copper
deposits• Massive sulfide deposits• Gravity settling deposits• Placer deposits• Banded iron formations• Secondary enrichment
depositsFigure 20-23
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MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
Figure 20-23
• Hydrothermal deposits• Porphyry copper
deposits• Massive sulfide deposits• Gravity settling deposits• Placer deposits• Banded iron formations• Secondary enrichment
deposits
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MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
Figure 20-24
• Hydrothermal deposits• Porphyry copper
deposits• Massive sulfide deposits• Gravity settling deposits• Placer deposits• Banded iron formations• Secondary enrichment
deposits
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 35
MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
• Hydrothermal deposits• Porphyry copper
deposits• Massive sulfide deposits• Gravity settling deposits• Placer deposits• Banded iron formations• Secondary enrichment
deposits Figure 20-25
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MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
• Hydrothermal deposits• Porphyry copper
deposits• Massive sulfide deposits• Gravity settling deposits• Placer deposits• Banded iron formations• Secondary enrichment
deposits Figure 20-26
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MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
Figure 20-27
• Hydrothermal deposits• Porphyry copper
deposits• Massive sulfide deposits• Gravity settling deposits• Placer deposits• Banded iron formations• Secondary enrichment
deposits
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 38
MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
MetalsProcesses that concentrate metals
• Hydrothermal deposits• Porphyry copper
deposits• Massive sulfide deposits• Gravity settling deposits• Placer deposits• Banded iron formations• Secondary enrichment
deposits
Figure 20-27
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MetalsMetals and plate
boundaries
MetalsMetals and plate
boundaries
Figure 20-28
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Mining and the EnvironmentMining and the Environment
Figure 20-30
• Impacts
• Reclamation
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NonmetalsBuilding materials, agriculture, & industry
NonmetalsBuilding materials, agriculture, & industry
Figure 20-31
• Sand & gravel• Limestone• Gypsum• Clay minerals• “Quarried rock”• Apatite• Sylvite• Sulfur• Quartz sand• Asbestos
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Meeting Future Energy Needs
Hydrogen fuel cells
Meeting Future Energy Needs
Hydrogen fuel cells
Highlight 20-2
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Meeting Future Mineral NeedsSeafloor mining
Meeting Future Mineral NeedsSeafloor mining
Figure 20-33
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Meeting Future Mineral NeedsRevisiting mine tailings
Meeting Future Mineral NeedsRevisiting mine tailings
Figure 20-34
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