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FFIRSXML 12/28/2012 16:8:28 Page 1
Construction Equipmentand MethodsPlanning, Innovation, Safety
Leonhard E. BernoldSchool of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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VP & EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER Don FowleySENIOR EDITOR & PRODUCT DESIGNER Jennifer WelterASSISTANT EDITOR Samantha MandelEDITORIAL ASSISTANT Hope EllisEXECUTIVE MARKETINGMANAGER Christopher RuelMARKETING ASSISTANT Marissa CarrollPRODUCTIONMANAGER Janis SooASSISTANT PRODUCTION EDITOR Elaine S. Chew/Yee Lyn SongPHOTO EDITOR Sheena GoldsteinMEDIA SPECIALIST Andre LegaspiCOVER DESIGNER Kenji NgiengCOVER PHOTO CREDIT # Paul Springett A/Alamy Limited
This book was set in 9.5/12 Palatino by Thomson Digital and printed and bound by Courier Kendallville, Inc. The cover was printed byCourier Kendallville, Inc.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.�1
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Copyright# 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except aspermitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of thePublisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 RosewoodDrive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to thePermissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, websitehttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during thenext academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period,please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free-of-charge return mailing label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentarydesk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bernold, Leonhard E. (Leonhard Emil), 1952–Managing construction equipment / Leonhard E. Bernold.
p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-16986-5 (hardback)1. Hoisting machinery. 2. Earthmoving machinery. 3. Building—Equipment and supplies. I. Title.TJ1350.B44 2013624.068 02—dc23
2012020567Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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I dedicate this book to my family for their continued love and encouragement.My gratitude goes towards my wife Marilyn and my beautiful
daughters Sarah and Elizabeth.
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PrefaceThis textbook on construction equipment and methods “feels” different than what is
presently available since it presents subjects in a multidimensional manner while, at thesame time, engaging the students in developing their personal learning preferences. It
presents construction knowledge not as a list of facts but rather as aweb linking principles
of mechanics, management, historic innovations, engine power, materials, computers,
electronics, safety, and highly skilled human resources. Special effort is made to make the
material come alive by adding short stories about key people and providing opportunities
for creative and innovative minds to earn credits towards their final grades if their
instructor includes the book’s activities in class assignments.
Tapestry of Learning
Deep learning is a complexprocess inwhicha teacher both enables and facilitates. I consider
myself a coach who demonstrates expertise, provides formative feedback, forms the stu-
dents throughout the semester but most importantly encourages them to develop the
professional learning skills that are necessary for success. Equally important, I do not grade
on a curve as a step toward encouraging teamwork, in which everybody can win if s/he ismeeting the level of excellence set by the coach.
A textbook does not have to be dry and sterile. This text engages the reader in a
conversation, with the intent of stimulating interaction with the teacher. It presents small
problems that challenge the student to follow the thoughts of an experienced engineer just
as an apprentice looks over the shoulder of his or her master. Equally important, each
reader is recognized as having unique learning strengths, as illustrated by David Kolb’s
learning model in Figure P.1. Various methods and techniques are employed in each
chapter to let all readers apply their individual learning strengths.What is the feeling one gets when one really “gets” new material? One understands
the theory behind it, knows how to apply it to solve problems, knows why it is important,
and, finally, has an instinctive sense of what would happen if critical variables were
changed. In fact, one has visited all four quadrants of Kolb’s circle, while scaling Bloom’s
learning pyramid (second part of Figure P.1), beginning with memorizing the facts and
ending with being able to apply the new knowledge creatively. The teacher leads the
students through the process of acquiring knowledge via a personal guided inquiry into
the subject.
Figure P.1 AppliedLearning Models
Applying
Analyzing
Evaluating
Remembering
Understanding
Creating-Innovating
Bloom’s Taxonomy of Cognition David Kolb’s Learning Model
Abstract
Concrete
Reflective A
ctiv
e
Type 2 (What?)
Type 3 (How?)
Type 1 (Why?)
Type 4 (What-if?)
iv
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Most students have little knowledge of the historical tradition and background of the
technologies they use almost every day. To fill this vacuum, short sidebars are added to
themain text inorder to encourage further inquiry. In the samevein, chapter reviews includeavariety to avenues for the students to move through Kolb’s learning quadrants and climb
Bloom’s pyramid of understanding. Crossword puzzles allow students to test their knowl-
edge of new terms and terminologies, traditional homework offers means to practice new
concepts, while journaling and open-ended problems challenge them to think creatively,
reflectingonhow thenewmaterial increases their ability to solvenewproblems.The“lost art”
of journalingisgivenanopportunityforacomeback.There isnodoubt that themostprominent
engineer “journaler” worked in the sixteenth century. Who does not admire Leonardo da
Vinci’s sketches of lifting cranes and flying machines, and the text and calculations thataccompany them explaining how and why the proposed system would work?
Many of the skills that students practice while journaling are among those suggested
by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET): communication,
analytic skills, information literacy, lifelong learning, knowledge of contemporary issues,
holistic approach to engineering problems, and reflective thinking about professional
issues. One of a teacher’s most satisfying experiences is to observe students, after first
struggling during a semester, present their journals at semester’s end with pride and a
smile, and say, “This was the toughest thing I did in school, but it will guide my futureprofessional life.” This and similar statements I have heard many times.
Presentation Strategy
The material in Construction Equipment and Methods is presented using two integrated
media: the traditional textbook and the supporting website, the latter offering a large
variety of supplementary materials for students to explore, if they wish. At the same time,the teacher is helped to find ways to include the web material into their teaching.
Some of the chapters contain features called header problems and/or worked-out
problems, positioned at “pressure points.” Both features are nontraditional in being
that they are embedded in real-world situations that can occur during a construction
project. Rather than providing straightforward solutions, they guide readers through
problem-solving exercises, requiring them to make assumptions and collect and analyze
data; the problems conclude with a discussion of the results, adding a qualitative
component and final recommendations to make to a “virtual boss.”
Generic Structure of a Class Journal
A. Executive SummaryB. Table of ContentsC. Weekly Journal entries with the following five topics:
1. Weekly Review: WHAT? happened in class? What did we have to do?2. Personal discussion: Reflections about each main subject of the week:� WHY? - are the new principles and methods important?� HOW? - does the new material relate to what I already know?� WHAT? - are real-world problems that I can solve now?� WHAT? - helped me most to understand?
3. Special Journaling Questions of the Chapter (assigned by teacher)4. New Terms: The meaning of 10 new (to me) terms in construction5. My Favorite Sketch-Figure-Picture that communicated most effectively.
D. SUPPLEMENTARY Material: Personal observations, evaluations, poems, newspaper articles. PowerPoint,website, etc.
Preface v
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Each chapter ends with a chapter review and bibliography. An extensive Glossary is
on the book’s website. The chapter review generally has four components: (1) the
Equipuzzle, (2) journal questions, (3) traditional homework problems, and (4) open-
ended problems. The journal questions are tailored to each chapter and can be selected by
the teacher to amplify the generic outline of the journal structure discussed earlier.
Book Contents
Not all equipment used today can be covered in a 600-page textbook. While the most
common (= available for students to observe) are included in this text, many of the
principles discussed apply also to equipment that is omitted. By encouraging students to
become information literate, it is hoped that they will have few problems in “connectingthe dots” and finding the relevant information when they need it.
Construction Equipment and Methods covers a wide spectrum of topics in 11 chapters:
Chapter 1, HUMAN INGENUITY BUILDS MIRACLES, introduces the basic under-
pinnings supporting the effective deployment of construction technology: (1) simple
machines, (2) skillful people, and (3) capital to deploy all the assets necessary to complete
the projects. All modern equipment is still based on five simple machines: (1) lever,
(2) inclined plane, (3) block-and-tackle pulleys, (4) wheel and axle, and (5) screw. At thecenter are competent humans who can turn technology into sophisticated systems able to
perform the needed tasks safely, with highest quality and least waste.
Chapter 2, COSTING THE OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT, reviews the many cost
components and the methods for calculating hourly as well as unit costs of doing work. In
a competitive marketplace, establishing a winning bid requires a skillful synergism of
competencies in the field operation, advanced technology, and sound cost accounting.
The goal of this chapter is to lay out how these are connected and to sketch basic principlesthat will be revisited throughout the book.
Chapter 3, CREATING AND DEPLOYING MASSIVE POWER SAFELY, expands the
static description of equipment use in Chapter 1 by addressing the powerful dynamics
that let them work efficiently and safely. It first takes a look at the history and elements of
the powertrain that begin with a power source and ends with an articulator that produces
work mostly by applying force. Today’s operators control large equipment by moving
tiny levers, foot pedals, switches, or joysticks while depending on Global PositioningSystems (GPS) or electronic sensors for guidance. Technology is not without risk,
although such developments have generally improved work safety. Nevertheless, only
an awareness of the many health and safety risks faced by managers, operators, drivers
and workers, coupled with a solid safety program, will prevent accidents.
Chapter 4, THE OMNIPRESENT BACKHOES, pays tribute to a unique piece of
equipment that is used for a wide variety of tasks, making it the workhorse of
global construction. Its versatility led to many add-ons that not only expand its usebut also challenge the basic mechanisms and skills of the operator. The chapter high-
lights the meaning of motion-skill in operation, but also addresses the many planning
skills that are required. Examples are the call-before-you-dig law (One-Call), the use of
electronic technology, and accident avoidance measures during trenching.
Chapter 5, DOZERS, SCRAPERS, AND GRADERS, covers equipment that originated
when people started to settle down and cultivate the land. More than for other types of
vi Preface
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equipment, the focus of developmental progress has been the challenge of integrating
large amounts of power with “earth-shaping” tools requiring traction between ground.
This chapter shows the many innovative developments instrumental in today’s state of
the art. The author’s absolute favorite is the scraper, which had a fascinating “life” after
James Porteous (a Scottish immigrant from Fresno, California) invented the first efficientsystem in the 1880s. Equally fascinating is the integration of GPS and laser-based
technology that transforms these huge machines into extremely precise and highly
productive devices.
Chapter 6, TRUCKS, LOADERS AND THE QUARRY OPERATION, highlights in part
a construction workhorse that is under-appreciated—trucks. Either as on-road or off-road
vehicles, they transport virtually all essential construction material, equipment and tools
andmovemountains of earth and rock as fill for roads or to create large dams. The properrigging of loads is as important as the use of GPS satellites to ensure their efficient and safe
deployment. Off-road haulers need not adhere to federal laws on weight limits and have
turned into mighty vehicles with extremely sophisticated electronics and ergonomically
designed operator cabins. This chapter reviews the historical background of this impor-
tant piece of equipment before studying its use within a fleet that is “served” by loaders
and excavators. The later part of the chapter introduces an interesting application area
where the equipment addressed in this chapter are needed, the rock quarry. For this, the
many different crusher types, conveying systems and aggregate processing technologiesare introduced. Worked-out problems lead the reader through the process of designing
a quarry.
Chapter 7, CRANES—GENTLE GIANTS IN CONSTRUCTION, is yet another piece of
equipment tracing its family tree back to the times when humans settled down in the flat
areas of the Middle East and China. First used for lifting water buckets from wells, no
Greek temple could have been erected without them, no cathedrals and no Empire State
Building erected. Even today’s cranes are comprised of several simple mechanisms:the wheel and axle winch, the block-and-tackle, lever with counterweights, the screw, the
sheave, and lightweight truss. Equally important, but not as simple, are the sophisticated
wire ropes lifting a large load with a few tiny wires. As spectacular accident reports
demonstrate, cranes can be extremely hazardous if they are not competently operated and
maintained. This chapter reviews the crane’s vast family tree, reaching all the way to
today’s International Space Station, and discusses the many innovations and unique
applications before looking at the newest electronics employed to make them safer and
more productive.
Chapter 8, CREATING AND SECURING A DEEP DIG, describes the large number of
technologies andmethods needed to excavate, dewater, and stabilize the sides and bottom
of a dig. What typically necessitates this kind of construction is the cost of land in urban
areas, together with zoning laws restricting the height of a building. The non-visible
underground space is thus turned into rentable areas for cars, shops or storage. This
chapter discusses the many methods of installing retaining walls, wall shoring, dewater-
ing, earth anchoring, and grouting. A fascinating device covered in this chapter is thecentrifugal water pump, which is instrumental in dewatering excavation pits or circulat-
ing slurry. Its ancestry goes back to irrigation needs in Mesopotamia, and efforts to mine
the lucrative salt in ancient China. Only physicists like Pascal and innovators of the
twentieth century, however, made the pump into the highly efficient apparatus it is today.
Chapter 9, THE MANY WAYS TO CONSTRUCT DEEP FOUNDATIONS, empha-
sizes that the foundations for any kind of structure are increasingly important as larger
Preface vii
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and heavier structures have to be built in areas with ever poorer ground conditions.
Again, the reason is the growth of the urban metropolis located near lakes, ocean
or rivers, and rising land prices. Not surprisingly, this is the area that has un-
doubtedly produced the largest number of innovations over the last 30 years, from
the field of strong piling, to in-situ soil improvement methods such as jet grouting andsoil mixing.
Chapter 10, FORMS AND TEMPORARY STRUCTURES FOR MATERIAL AND
LABORERS, introduces the critical underappreciated set of mechanical systems required
to build large structures, namely shoring, formwork, and scaffolding. While enjoying a
long history of use and development, these systems have improved dramatically in the last
25 years. No one could have predicted 30 years ago the rapid growth of aerial platforms
allowing workers to reach places that previously required elaborate scaffolding. Mecha-nized self-climbing and slipping formwork, for vertical and horizontal use, have revolu-
tionized the speed and quality of concrete placement andmolding. Formwork systems for
elevated decks, tall walls and columns can be put together from prefabricated but flexible
elements, moved by cranes as large structures and supported by sensor-equipped tower
shores. Reshoring is made simpler by innovative mechanisms that allow lowering of the
forms while leaving the shore in place. Special attention is paid to the danger points of
scaffolds designed to support both workers and materials.
Chapter 11, BRIDGE-BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES, presents the fascinating topic of
building bridges that link communities and countries. Not only are bridges one of the
outstanding contributions of construction, but their erection requires most of the equipment
andmethods discussed in the preceding chapters. Still, bridge construction has developed its
own technologies and methods with many innovations addressing unique demands and
circumstances. While suspension bridges have achieved an amazing central span of 2km
(1.24miles) and cable-stayed bridges have passed 1.2km (0.75miles), the majority of bridges
are built to relieve traffic congestion in downtown areas. In these circumstances, the smallspace available for construction and the required speed has led tomany unique technologies.
In fact, more than onemethod is commonly used, each providing unique qualities that fit the
varying challenges along the centerline of a bridge. Usingmanydrawings, this text presents a
wide variety of bridge building technologies after presenting the know-how for constructing
the most common structural elements, such as post-tensioned box-girders, expansion joints,
and suspension as well as stay-cable systems.
The Book Site
The book is accompanied by a website for both students and instructor accessible by
visiting www.wiley.com/college/bernold. It offers a large amount of additional infor-mation for the student and instructor to pursue specific topics in more depth. In each
chapter, visual tags in the text alert the reader to the availability of more information on
the booksite. The associated code can be used to find the identified document. For
example, the first tag in Chapter 3 appears as follows:
S3.1 Heavy-Duty Diesel
Engine Frictional Losses, U.S.
Army Research
This tag translates into: More about diesel engines can be found in the Supplemental
materials folder under Chapter 3. The same code is used to identify the associated
file.
viii Preface
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A second type of tag indicates the availability of more visual material such as photos or
brochures. One such example is:
VG4.1 Excavator Tracks
This tells the reader that visuals about excavator tracks can be found inside theVirtual Graphics folder under Chapter 4. Again, the files match the tag label.
Listing URLs in a textbook can be risky, given the frequency with which they change.
But whenever a relatively "stable" website is relevant, a direct link is given. One examplefrom Chapter 1:
For information about the U.S. Interstate System, see http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/
interstate/homepage.cfm/.
Instructor Companion Site
The instructor companion site includes everything on the student companion site, but ispassword-protected and also contains the following:
� Solutions Manual� Illustrations from the text� Visually oriented PowerPoint Lecture Slides for selected topics
Instructors should visit the website at www.wiley.com/college/bernold to register
for access to the password-protected portion of the site.
Weaving a Knowledge Web
Several important topics are woven into the structure of the eleven chapters of the text,
thus fostering the creation of a knowledge web with ever more links to nodes previously
created in students’ minds. The goal of creating these integrated linkages is to reinforce
already existing knowledge nodes while strengthening the “depth” of new experiences.
Examples are the historical views back to 4000 BC, and references estimating, physics,material behavior, construction safety and health, mechanics, surveying, hydraulics, etc.
The following matrix shows where some of the main concepts appear and re-appear to be
discussed in different ways, emphasizing their importance and strengthening the
students’ understanding.
Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge the many personal friends who helped and contributed in
many ways and my former students whose years of work have flowed into the content of
the book. A special thank you goes to my courageous friend Willi Immer, a Lecturer in
Quality Management, who took time to proofread the draft material. Last but not least, I
extend my thanks to James Worrell, a crane expert with many years of experience—the
chapter on cranes would not have been possible without his input.
Preface ix
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Chap. 1 Chap. 2 Chap. 3 Chap. 4 Chap. 5 Chap. 6 Chap. 7 Chap. 8 Chap. 9 Chap. 10 Chap. 11
#
Equipments &
Methods
Building
Miracles Costing Power-Safety Backhoes
Dozers,
Scrapers,
Graders
Trucks,
Loaders,
Quarry
Cranes,
Ropes
Creating
Deep Digs
Deep
Foundations
Temporary
Structures
Building
Bridges
1 Accident Prevention x x x x x x x x x x
2 Actuators x x x x x x x x x x
3 Cost & Economics x x x x x x x x x x x
4 Force Modeling x x x x x x x x x x
5 History of Technology x x x x x x x x x x
6 Mechatronics x x x x x x x x x x x
7 Plan for Safety x x x x x x x x x x
8 Productivity x x x x x x x x x x x
9 Craning x x x x x x x x
10 Excavation x x x x x x x x
11 Health x x x x x x x x x
12 Opera. Skill-Training x x x x x x x x x x
13 OSHA Rules x x x x x x x x
14 Resistance-Friction x x x x x x x
15 Tower Crane x x x x x x
16 Diesel Engine x x x x x x
17 Hydraulic Power x x x x x x x
18 Rimpull x x x
19 Cycle Time x x x x x x x x
20 Soil Behavior x x x x x x
21 Surveying x x x x x
22 Shoring x x x x x
23 Trucking x x x x
24 Concrete CIP x x x x x x
25 Concrete-Precast x x x
26 Form-Falsework x x x x
27 Crawler Crane x x x
28 Anchoring x x
29 Drilling x x
30 Drill Rig x x
31 Piling x x
32 Pumping x x
33 Truck Crane x x
34 Concrete-Post-Tens. x x x
35 Pavers x
36 Maintenance x
x Preface
FTOC2XML 12/28/2012 18:18:54 Page 11
Brief Contents
Chapter OneHuman Ingenuity Builds Miracles 1
Chapter TwoCosting the Operation of Equipment 17
Chapter ThreeSafely Deploying Massive Power 61
Chapter FourThe Omnipresent Backhoes 97
Chapter FiveDozers, Scrapers, and Graders 151
Chapter SixTrucks, Loaders, and the QuarryOperation 199
Chapter SevenCranes—Gentle Giants inConstruction 265
Chapter EightCreating and Securing a Deep Dig 321
Chapter NineThe Many Ways to Construct DeepFoundations 367
Chapter TenForms and Temporary Structures forMaterial Laborers 417
Chapter ElevenHow Do They Build These MagnificentBridges? 469
Glossary 541
Index 589
xi
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Contents
Chapter OneHuman Ingenuity Builds Miracles 11.1 Each Construction Equipment Is an
Assembly of Classical Machines 2
1.2 The Need for Construction
Equipment and Methods 8
1.3 Chapter One Review 14
Journaling Questions 14
Open-Ended Question 14
Bibliography 14
Chapter TwoCosting the Operation of Equipment 172.1 The Economics of Deploying
Machinery 18
2.2 Cash, Credit, and Capital 20
2.3 Costing Construction Equipment 25
2.4 Computing Ownership Costs 26
2.5 Computing Operating Costs 29
2.6 Equipment Overhead 43
2.7 Reducing Income Taxes with the
Help of Tax Depreciation 43
2.8 Buy, Lease, or Rent? 51
2.9 Chapter Two Review 57
Journaling Questions 58
Traditional Homework 58
Open-Ended Question 58
Bibliography 59
Chapter ThreeSafely Deploying Massive Power 613.1 The Mechanical Powertrain 62
3.2 Taking Advantage of Hydraulic Fluid
Power 73
3.3 Protecting the Health of People
Working with Equipment and Tools 83
3.4 Chapter Three Review 93
Journaling Questions 94
Traditional Homework 94
Open-Ended Problems 95
Bibliography 95
Chapter FourThe Omnipresent Backhoes 974.1 The Family Tree of Today’s
Backhoes 98
4.2 From the Accident File 99
4.3 Modeling Forces and Motion at
Work 99
4.4 The Capabilities of the Universal
Workhorse 101
4.5 Principles of Safe Trenching 112
4.6 The Backhoe as a Mobile Crane 117
4.7 Planning for a Productive Backhoe
Operation 125
4.8 Smart Add-Ons to Boost Backhoe
Safety and Productivity 138
4.9 What Certifies a Skilled Backhoe
Operator? 143
4.10 Chapter Four Review 146
Journaling Questions 147
Traditional Homework 147
Open-Ended Problems 148
Appendix A: Steps to the Safe
Operation of a Loader/Backhoe 149
Appendix B: Safety Quiz for Backhoe
Operators 149
xii
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Chapter FiveDozers, Scrapers, and Graders 1515.1 The Family History of Dozers,
Scrapers, and Graders 152
5.2 From the Accident File 153
5.3 Modeling Forces and Motions 154
5.4 The Dynamics of Dozing, Scraping,
and Hauling 156
5.5 Power and Traction to Cut, Rip, and
Doze 165
5.6 Boosting Productivity with
Electronics 185
5.7 Planning for Safe and Healthy
Work 190
5.8 Chapter Five Review 194
Journaling Questions 195
Basic Concepts and Definitions 195
Lessons from the Accident File 195
Traditional Homework 195
Open-Ended Problems 196
Bibliography 196
Chapter SixTrucks, Loaders, and the QuarryOperation 1996.1 From 4 to 800 HP Trucks Within One
Century 200
6.2 From the Accident File 201
6.3 About Trucks and Trailers 202
6.4 Equipment in the Quarry 209
6.5 Off-Road Trucks: Earth Haulers 251
6.6 Electronics and Satellites Boost
Truck Performance and
Security 256
6.7 Chapter Six Review 260
Journaling Questions 261
Traditional Homework 261
Lessons from the Accident File 262
Open-Ended Problems 263
Chapter SevenCranes—Gentle Giants in Construction 2657.1 An Impressive Family Tree 266
7.2 From the Accident File 267
7.3 Forces and Moments Affecting Crane
Tipping 267
7.4 The Astonishing Capabilities of Ropes
and Sheaves 270
7.5 Keeping Mobile Cranes Erect 279
7.6 Reaching High and Out with a Jib 288
7.7 The Omnipresent Tower Crane 294
7.8 Calculating Crane Productivity 298
7.9 Electronic Devices to Boost Safety and
Productivity 305
7.10 Traits of the Master Crane
Operator 311
7.11 Signaling with Hand Signs and Voice—
Danger of Miscommunications 314
7.12 Chapter Seven Review 316
Journaling Questions 317
Basic Concepts and Definitions 317
Lessons from the Accident File 317
Calculation Problems 318
Open-Ended Problems 319
Bibliography 319
Chapter EightCreating and Securing a Deep Dig 3218.1 The History of Digging Deep and
Retaining the Earth 322
8.2 From the Accident File 322
Contents xiii
FTOCXML 12/28/2012 17:9:22 Page 14
8.3 Building on Soft Ground 324
8.4 Dewatering the Ground to Excavate
in the Dry 325
8.5 Preventing Collapse of a Vertical
Earth Wall 335
8.6 Bracing Systems to Support
Retaining Walls 352
8.7 Chapter Eight Review 362
Journaling Questions 363
Homework Problems 363
Lessons from the Accident File 365
Open-Ended Problems 365
Bibliography 365
Chapter NineThe Many Ways to Construct DeepFoundations 3679.1 FromWooden Stilts to Jetted
Piles 368
9.2 From the Accident File 369
9.3 Problems with Building on Soft
Ground 370
9.4 Pile-Driving Technology 373
9.5 Non-Driven Load-Carrying Piles,
Columns, and Caissons 382
9.6 Chapter Nine Review 411
Journaling Questions 412
Homework Problems 412
Lessons from the Accident File 413
Open-Ended Problems 413
Bibliography 414
Chapter TenForms and Temporary Structures forMaterial and Laborers 41710.1 The Family Tree of Temporary
Supports 418
10.2 From the Accident File 420
10.3 The Principles of Shoring 420
10.4 The Ubiquitous Scaffold 431
10.5 The Large World of Concrete
Formwork 443
10.6 Chapter Ten Review 465
Journaling Questions 466
Homework Problems 466
Lessons from the Accident File 466
Open-Ended Problems 467
Bibliography 467
Chapter ElevenHow Do They Build TheseMagnificent Bridges? 46911.1 History of Bridge Construction 470
11.2 From the Accident File 472
11.3 Characteristics of Modern
Bridges 473
11.4 Properties of Key Building
Materials 480
11.5 Conventional Construction of the
Superstructure 505
11.6 Bridge Building with Launching
Gantry (LG) 513
11.7 Cable-Stayed Bridge
Construction 525
11.8 The Construction of Arch
Bridges 531
11.9 Chapter Eleven Review 538
Journaling Questions 538
Traditional Homework 539
Open-Ended Problems 539
Bibliography 539
Glossary 541
Index 589
xiv Contents
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