construction equipment and methods - doocc … · ffirsxml 12/28/2012 16:8:28 page 1 construction...

FFIRSXML 12/28/2012 16:8:28

Construction Equipmentand MethodsPlanning, Innovation, Safety

Leonhard E. BernoldSchool of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

FFIRSXML 12/28/2012 16:8:28

VP & EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER Don FowleySENIOR EDITOR & PRODUCT DESIGNER Jennifer WelterASSISTANT EDITOR Samantha MandelEDITORIAL ASSISTANT Hope EllisEXECUTIVE MARKETINGMANAGER Christopher RuelMARKETING ASSISTANT Marissa CarrollPRODUCTIONMANAGER Janis SooASSISTANT PRODUCTION EDITOR Elaine S. Chew/Yee Lyn SongPHOTO EDITOR Sheena GoldsteinMEDIA SPECIALIST Andre LegaspiCOVER DESIGNER Kenji NgiengCOVER PHOTO CREDIT # Paul Springett A/Alamy Limited

This book was set in 9.5/12 Palatino by Thomson Digital and printed and bound by Courier Kendallville, Inc. The cover was printed byCourier Kendallville, Inc.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.�1

Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helpingpeople around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that includeresponsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, aglobal effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we areaddressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, andcommunity and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.

Copyright# 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except aspermitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of thePublisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 RosewoodDrive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to thePermissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, websitehttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during thenext academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period,please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free-of-charge return mailing label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentarydesk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bernold, Leonhard E. (Leonhard Emil), 1952–Managing construction equipment / Leonhard E. Bernold.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-16986-5 (hardback)1. Hoisting machinery. 2. Earthmoving machinery. 3. Building—Equipment and supplies. I. Title.TJ1350.B44 2013624.068 02—dc23

2012020567Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

FFIRSXML 12/28/2012 16:8:28

I dedicate this book to my family for their continued love and encouragement.My gratitude goes towards my wife Marilyn and my beautiful

daughters Sarah and Elizabeth.

FPREFXML 12/28/2012 15:59:12

PrefaceThis textbook on construction equipment and methods “feels” different than what is

presently available since it presents subjects in a multidimensional manner while, at thesame time, engaging the students in developing their personal learning preferences. It

presents construction knowledge not as a list of facts but rather as aweb linking principles

of mechanics, management, historic innovations, engine power, materials, computers,

electronics, safety, and highly skilled human resources. Special effort is made to make the

material come alive by adding short stories about key people and providing opportunities

for creative and innovative minds to earn credits towards their final grades if their

instructor includes the book’s activities in class assignments.

Tapestry of Learning

Deep learning is a complexprocess inwhicha teacher both enables and facilitates. I consider

myself a coach who demonstrates expertise, provides formative feedback, forms the stu-

dents throughout the semester but most importantly encourages them to develop the

professional learning skills that are necessary for success. Equally important, I do not grade

on a curve as a step toward encouraging teamwork, in which everybody can win if s/he ismeeting the level of excellence set by the coach.

A textbook does not have to be dry and sterile. This text engages the reader in a

conversation, with the intent of stimulating interaction with the teacher. It presents small

problems that challenge the student to follow the thoughts of an experienced engineer just

as an apprentice looks over the shoulder of his or her master. Equally important, each

reader is recognized as having unique learning strengths, as illustrated by David Kolb’s

learning model in Figure P.1. Various methods and techniques are employed in each

chapter to let all readers apply their individual learning strengths.What is the feeling one gets when one really “gets” new material? One understands

the theory behind it, knows how to apply it to solve problems, knows why it is important,

and, finally, has an instinctive sense of what would happen if critical variables were

changed. In fact, one has visited all four quadrants of Kolb’s circle, while scaling Bloom’s

learning pyramid (second part of Figure P.1), beginning with memorizing the facts and

ending with being able to apply the new knowledge creatively. The teacher leads the

students through the process of acquiring knowledge via a personal guided inquiry into

the subject.

Figure P.1 AppliedLearning Models

Applying

Analyzing

Evaluating

Remembering

Understanding

Creating-Innovating

Bloom’s Taxonomy of Cognition David Kolb’s Learning Model

Abstract

Concrete

Reflective A

ctiv

e

Type 2 (What?)

Type 3 (How?)

Type 1 (Why?)

Type 4 (What-if?)

iv

FPREFXML 12/28/2012 15:59:12

Most students have little knowledge of the historical tradition and background of the

technologies they use almost every day. To fill this vacuum, short sidebars are added to

themain text inorder to encourage further inquiry. In the samevein, chapter reviews includeavariety to avenues for the students to move through Kolb’s learning quadrants and climb

Bloom’s pyramid of understanding. Crossword puzzles allow students to test their knowl-

edge of new terms and terminologies, traditional homework offers means to practice new

concepts, while journaling and open-ended problems challenge them to think creatively,

reflectingonhow thenewmaterial increases their ability to solvenewproblems.The“lost art”

of journalingisgivenanopportunityforacomeback.There isnodoubt that themostprominent

engineer “journaler” worked in the sixteenth century. Who does not admire Leonardo da

Vinci’s sketches of lifting cranes and flying machines, and the text and calculations thataccompany them explaining how and why the proposed system would work?

Many of the skills that students practice while journaling are among those suggested

by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET): communication,

analytic skills, information literacy, lifelong learning, knowledge of contemporary issues,

holistic approach to engineering problems, and reflective thinking about professional

issues. One of a teacher’s most satisfying experiences is to observe students, after first

struggling during a semester, present their journals at semester’s end with pride and a

smile, and say, “This was the toughest thing I did in school, but it will guide my futureprofessional life.” This and similar statements I have heard many times.

Presentation Strategy

The material in Construction Equipment and Methods is presented using two integrated

media: the traditional textbook and the supporting website, the latter offering a large

variety of supplementary materials for students to explore, if they wish. At the same time,the teacher is helped to find ways to include the web material into their teaching.

Some of the chapters contain features called header problems and/or worked-out

problems, positioned at “pressure points.” Both features are nontraditional in being

that they are embedded in real-world situations that can occur during a construction

project. Rather than providing straightforward solutions, they guide readers through

problem-solving exercises, requiring them to make assumptions and collect and analyze

data; the problems conclude with a discussion of the results, adding a qualitative

component and final recommendations to make to a “virtual boss.”

Generic Structure of a Class Journal

A. Executive SummaryB. Table of ContentsC. Weekly Journal entries with the following five topics:

1. Weekly Review: WHAT? happened in class? What did we have to do?2. Personal discussion: Reflections about each main subject of the week:� WHY? - are the new principles and methods important?� HOW? - does the new material relate to what I already know?� WHAT? - are real-world problems that I can solve now?� WHAT? - helped me most to understand?

3. Special Journaling Questions of the Chapter (assigned by teacher)4. New Terms: The meaning of 10 new (to me) terms in construction5. My Favorite Sketch-Figure-Picture that communicated most effectively.

D. SUPPLEMENTARY Material: Personal observations, evaluations, poems, newspaper articles. PowerPoint,website, etc.

Preface v

FPREFXML 12/28/2012 15:59:12

Each chapter ends with a chapter review and bibliography. An extensive Glossary is

on the book’s website. The chapter review generally has four components: (1) the

Equipuzzle, (2) journal questions, (3) traditional homework problems, and (4) open-

ended problems. The journal questions are tailored to each chapter and can be selected by

the teacher to amplify the generic outline of the journal structure discussed earlier.

Book Contents

Not all equipment used today can be covered in a 600-page textbook. While the most

common (= available for students to observe) are included in this text, many of the

principles discussed apply also to equipment that is omitted. By encouraging students to

become information literate, it is hoped that they will have few problems in “connectingthe dots” and finding the relevant information when they need it.

Construction Equipment and Methods covers a wide spectrum of topics in 11 chapters:

Chapter 1, HUMAN INGENUITY BUILDS MIRACLES, introduces the basic under-

pinnings supporting the effective deployment of construction technology: (1) simple

machines, (2) skillful people, and (3) capital to deploy all the assets necessary to complete

the projects. All modern equipment is still based on five simple machines: (1) lever,

(2) inclined plane, (3) block-and-tackle pulleys, (4) wheel and axle, and (5) screw. At thecenter are competent humans who can turn technology into sophisticated systems able to

perform the needed tasks safely, with highest quality and least waste.

Chapter 2, COSTING THE OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT, reviews the many cost

components and the methods for calculating hourly as well as unit costs of doing work. In

a competitive marketplace, establishing a winning bid requires a skillful synergism of

competencies in the field operation, advanced technology, and sound cost accounting.

The goal of this chapter is to lay out how these are connected and to sketch basic principlesthat will be revisited throughout the book.

Chapter 3, CREATING AND DEPLOYING MASSIVE POWER SAFELY, expands the

static description of equipment use in Chapter 1 by addressing the powerful dynamics

that let them work efficiently and safely. It first takes a look at the history and elements of

the powertrain that begin with a power source and ends with an articulator that produces

work mostly by applying force. Today’s operators control large equipment by moving

tiny levers, foot pedals, switches, or joysticks while depending on Global PositioningSystems (GPS) or electronic sensors for guidance. Technology is not without risk,

although such developments have generally improved work safety. Nevertheless, only

an awareness of the many health and safety risks faced by managers, operators, drivers

and workers, coupled with a solid safety program, will prevent accidents.

Chapter 4, THE OMNIPRESENT BACKHOES, pays tribute to a unique piece of

equipment that is used for a wide variety of tasks, making it the workhorse of

global construction. Its versatility led to many add-ons that not only expand its usebut also challenge the basic mechanisms and skills of the operator. The chapter high-

lights the meaning of motion-skill in operation, but also addresses the many planning

skills that are required. Examples are the call-before-you-dig law (One-Call), the use of

electronic technology, and accident avoidance measures during trenching.

Chapter 5, DOZERS, SCRAPERS, AND GRADERS, covers equipment that originated

when people started to settle down and cultivate the land. More than for other types of

vi Preface

FPREFXML 12/28/2012 15:59:12

equipment, the focus of developmental progress has been the challenge of integrating

large amounts of power with “earth-shaping” tools requiring traction between ground.

This chapter shows the many innovative developments instrumental in today’s state of

the art. The author’s absolute favorite is the scraper, which had a fascinating “life” after

James Porteous (a Scottish immigrant from Fresno, California) invented the first efficientsystem in the 1880s. Equally fascinating is the integration of GPS and laser-based

technology that transforms these huge machines into extremely precise and highly

productive devices.

Chapter 6, TRUCKS, LOADERS AND THE QUARRY OPERATION, highlights in part

a construction workhorse that is under-appreciated—trucks. Either as on-road or off-road

vehicles, they transport virtually all essential construction material, equipment and tools

andmovemountains of earth and rock as fill for roads or to create large dams. The properrigging of loads is as important as the use of GPS satellites to ensure their efficient and safe

deployment. Off-road haulers need not adhere to federal laws on weight limits and have

turned into mighty vehicles with extremely sophisticated electronics and ergonomically

designed operator cabins. This chapter reviews the historical background of this impor-

tant piece of equipment before studying its use within a fleet that is “served” by loaders

and excavators. The later part of the chapter introduces an interesting application area

where the equipment addressed in this chapter are needed, the rock quarry. For this, the

many different crusher types, conveying systems and aggregate processing technologiesare introduced. Worked-out problems lead the reader through the process of designing

a quarry.

Chapter 7, CRANES—GENTLE GIANTS IN CONSTRUCTION, is yet another piece of

equipment tracing its family tree back to the times when humans settled down in the flat

areas of the Middle East and China. First used for lifting water buckets from wells, no

Greek temple could have been erected without them, no cathedrals and no Empire State

Building erected. Even today’s cranes are comprised of several simple mechanisms:the wheel and axle winch, the block-and-tackle, lever with counterweights, the screw, the

sheave, and lightweight truss. Equally important, but not as simple, are the sophisticated

wire ropes lifting a large load with a few tiny wires. As spectacular accident reports

demonstrate, cranes can be extremely hazardous if they are not competently operated and

maintained. This chapter reviews the crane’s vast family tree, reaching all the way to

today’s International Space Station, and discusses the many innovations and unique

applications before looking at the newest electronics employed to make them safer and

more productive.

Chapter 8, CREATING AND SECURING A DEEP DIG, describes the large number of

technologies andmethods needed to excavate, dewater, and stabilize the sides and bottom

of a dig. What typically necessitates this kind of construction is the cost of land in urban

areas, together with zoning laws restricting the height of a building. The non-visible

underground space is thus turned into rentable areas for cars, shops or storage. This

chapter discusses the many methods of installing retaining walls, wall shoring, dewater-

ing, earth anchoring, and grouting. A fascinating device covered in this chapter is thecentrifugal water pump, which is instrumental in dewatering excavation pits or circulat-

ing slurry. Its ancestry goes back to irrigation needs in Mesopotamia, and efforts to mine

the lucrative salt in ancient China. Only physicists like Pascal and innovators of the

twentieth century, however, made the pump into the highly efficient apparatus it is today.

Chapter 9, THE MANY WAYS TO CONSTRUCT DEEP FOUNDATIONS, empha-

sizes that the foundations for any kind of structure are increasingly important as larger

Preface vii

FPREFXML 12/28/2012 15:59:12

and heavier structures have to be built in areas with ever poorer ground conditions.

Again, the reason is the growth of the urban metropolis located near lakes, ocean

or rivers, and rising land prices. Not surprisingly, this is the area that has un-

doubtedly produced the largest number of innovations over the last 30 years, from

the field of strong piling, to in-situ soil improvement methods such as jet grouting andsoil mixing.

Chapter 10, FORMS AND TEMPORARY STRUCTURES FOR MATERIAL AND

LABORERS, introduces the critical underappreciated set of mechanical systems required

to build large structures, namely shoring, formwork, and scaffolding. While enjoying a

long history of use and development, these systems have improved dramatically in the last

25 years. No one could have predicted 30 years ago the rapid growth of aerial platforms

allowing workers to reach places that previously required elaborate scaffolding. Mecha-nized self-climbing and slipping formwork, for vertical and horizontal use, have revolu-

tionized the speed and quality of concrete placement andmolding. Formwork systems for

elevated decks, tall walls and columns can be put together from prefabricated but flexible

elements, moved by cranes as large structures and supported by sensor-equipped tower

shores. Reshoring is made simpler by innovative mechanisms that allow lowering of the

forms while leaving the shore in place. Special attention is paid to the danger points of

scaffolds designed to support both workers and materials.

Chapter 11, BRIDGE-BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES, presents the fascinating topic of

building bridges that link communities and countries. Not only are bridges one of the

outstanding contributions of construction, but their erection requires most of the equipment

andmethods discussed in the preceding chapters. Still, bridge construction has developed its

own technologies and methods with many innovations addressing unique demands and

circumstances. While suspension bridges have achieved an amazing central span of 2km

(1.24miles) and cable-stayed bridges have passed 1.2km (0.75miles), the majority of bridges

are built to relieve traffic congestion in downtown areas. In these circumstances, the smallspace available for construction and the required speed has led tomany unique technologies.

In fact, more than onemethod is commonly used, each providing unique qualities that fit the

varying challenges along the centerline of a bridge. Usingmanydrawings, this text presents a

wide variety of bridge building technologies after presenting the know-how for constructing

the most common structural elements, such as post-tensioned box-girders, expansion joints,

and suspension as well as stay-cable systems.

The Book Site

The book is accompanied by a website for both students and instructor accessible by

visiting www.wiley.com/college/bernold. It offers a large amount of additional infor-mation for the student and instructor to pursue specific topics in more depth. In each

chapter, visual tags in the text alert the reader to the availability of more information on

the booksite. The associated code can be used to find the identified document. For

example, the first tag in Chapter 3 appears as follows:

S3.1 Heavy-Duty Diesel

Engine Frictional Losses, U.S.

Army Research

This tag translates into: More about diesel engines can be found in the Supplemental

materials folder under Chapter 3. The same code is used to identify the associated

file.

viii Preface

FPREFXML 12/28/2012 15:59:12

A second type of tag indicates the availability of more visual material such as photos or

brochures. One such example is:

VG4.1 Excavator Tracks

This tells the reader that visuals about excavator tracks can be found inside theVirtual Graphics folder under Chapter 4. Again, the files match the tag label.

Listing URLs in a textbook can be risky, given the frequency with which they change.

But whenever a relatively "stable" website is relevant, a direct link is given. One examplefrom Chapter 1:

For information about the U.S. Interstate System, see http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/

interstate/homepage.cfm/.

Instructor Companion Site

The instructor companion site includes everything on the student companion site, but ispassword-protected and also contains the following:

� Solutions Manual� Illustrations from the text� Visually oriented PowerPoint Lecture Slides for selected topics

Instructors should visit the website at www.wiley.com/college/bernold to register

for access to the password-protected portion of the site.

Weaving a Knowledge Web

Several important topics are woven into the structure of the eleven chapters of the text,

thus fostering the creation of a knowledge web with ever more links to nodes previously

created in students’ minds. The goal of creating these integrated linkages is to reinforce

already existing knowledge nodes while strengthening the “depth” of new experiences.

Examples are the historical views back to 4000 BC, and references estimating, physics,material behavior, construction safety and health, mechanics, surveying, hydraulics, etc.

The following matrix shows where some of the main concepts appear and re-appear to be

discussed in different ways, emphasizing their importance and strengthening the

students’ understanding.

Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge the many personal friends who helped and contributed in

many ways and my former students whose years of work have flowed into the content of

the book. A special thank you goes to my courageous friend Willi Immer, a Lecturer in

Quality Management, who took time to proofread the draft material. Last but not least, I

extend my thanks to James Worrell, a crane expert with many years of experience—the

chapter on cranes would not have been possible without his input.

Preface ix

FPREFXML 12/28/2012 15:59:13

Chap. 1 Chap. 2 Chap. 3 Chap. 4 Chap. 5 Chap. 6 Chap. 7 Chap. 8 Chap. 9 Chap. 10 Chap. 11

#

Equipments &

Methods

Building

Miracles Costing Power-Safety Backhoes

Dozers,

Scrapers,

Graders

Trucks,

Loaders,

Quarry

Cranes,

Ropes

Creating

Deep Digs

Deep

Foundations

Temporary

Structures

Building

Bridges

1 Accident Prevention x x x x x x x x x x

2 Actuators x x x x x x x x x x

3 Cost & Economics x x x x x x x x x x x

4 Force Modeling x x x x x x x x x x

5 History of Technology x x x x x x x x x x

6 Mechatronics x x x x x x x x x x x

7 Plan for Safety x x x x x x x x x x

8 Productivity x x x x x x x x x x x

9 Craning x x x x x x x x

10 Excavation x x x x x x x x

11 Health x x x x x x x x x

12 Opera. Skill-Training x x x x x x x x x x

13 OSHA Rules x x x x x x x x

14 Resistance-Friction x x x x x x x

15 Tower Crane x x x x x x

16 Diesel Engine x x x x x x

17 Hydraulic Power x x x x x x x

18 Rimpull x x x

19 Cycle Time x x x x x x x x

20 Soil Behavior x x x x x x

21 Surveying x x x x x

22 Shoring x x x x x

23 Trucking x x x x

24 Concrete CIP x x x x x x

25 Concrete-Precast x x x

26 Form-Falsework x x x x

27 Crawler Crane x x x

28 Anchoring x x

29 Drilling x x

30 Drill Rig x x

31 Piling x x

32 Pumping x x

33 Truck Crane x x

34 Concrete-Post-Tens. x x x

35 Pavers x

36 Maintenance x

x Preface

FTOC2XML 12/28/2012 18:18:54

Brief Contents

Chapter OneHuman Ingenuity Builds Miracles 1

Chapter TwoCosting the Operation of Equipment 17

Chapter ThreeSafely Deploying Massive Power 61

Chapter FourThe Omnipresent Backhoes 97

Chapter FiveDozers, Scrapers, and Graders 151

Chapter SixTrucks, Loaders, and the QuarryOperation 199

Chapter SevenCranes—Gentle Giants inConstruction 265

Chapter EightCreating and Securing a Deep Dig 321

Chapter NineThe Many Ways to Construct DeepFoundations 367

Chapter TenForms and Temporary Structures forMaterial Laborers 417

Chapter ElevenHow Do They Build These MagnificentBridges? 469

Glossary 541

Index 589

xi

FTOCXML 12/28/2012 17:9:22

Contents

Chapter OneHuman Ingenuity Builds Miracles 11.1 Each Construction Equipment Is an

Assembly of Classical Machines 2

1.2 The Need for Construction

Equipment and Methods 8

1.3 Chapter One Review 14

Journaling Questions 14

Open-Ended Question 14

Bibliography 14

Chapter TwoCosting the Operation of Equipment 172.1 The Economics of Deploying

Machinery 18

2.2 Cash, Credit, and Capital 20

2.3 Costing Construction Equipment 25

2.4 Computing Ownership Costs 26

2.5 Computing Operating Costs 29

2.6 Equipment Overhead 43

2.7 Reducing Income Taxes with the

Help of Tax Depreciation 43

2.8 Buy, Lease, or Rent? 51

2.9 Chapter Two Review 57


Traditional Homework 58

Open-Ended Question 58

Bibliography 59

Chapter ThreeSafely Deploying Massive Power 613.1 The Mechanical Powertrain 62

3.2 Taking Advantage of Hydraulic Fluid

Power 73

3.3 Protecting the Health of People

Working with Equipment and Tools 83

3.4 Chapter Three Review 93



Open-Ended Problems 95

Bibliography 95

Chapter FourThe Omnipresent Backhoes 974.1 The Family Tree of Today’s

Backhoes 98

4.2 From the Accident File 99

4.3 Modeling Forces and Motion at

Work 99

4.4 The Capabilities of the Universal

Workhorse 101

4.5 Principles of Safe Trenching 112

4.6 The Backhoe as a Mobile Crane 117

4.7 Planning for a Productive Backhoe

Operation 125

4.8 Smart Add-Ons to Boost Backhoe

Safety and Productivity 138

4.9 What Certifies a Skilled Backhoe

Operator? 143

4.10 Chapter Four Review 146




Appendix A: Steps to the Safe

Operation of a Loader/Backhoe 149

Appendix B: Safety Quiz for Backhoe

Operators 149

xii

FTOCXML 12/28/2012 17:9:22

Chapter FiveDozers, Scrapers, and Graders 1515.1 The Family History of Dozers,

Scrapers, and Graders 152


5.3 Modeling Forces and Motions 154

5.4 The Dynamics of Dozing, Scraping,

and Hauling 156

5.5 Power and Traction to Cut, Rip, and

Doze 165

5.6 Boosting Productivity with

Electronics 185

5.7 Planning for Safe and Healthy

Work 190

5.8 Chapter Five Review 194


Basic Concepts and Definitions 195

Lessons from the Accident File 195



Bibliography 196

Chapter SixTrucks, Loaders, and the QuarryOperation 1996.1 From 4 to 800 HP Trucks Within One

Century 200


6.3 About Trucks and Trailers 202

6.4 Equipment in the Quarry 209

6.5 Off-Road Trucks: Earth Haulers 251

6.6 Electronics and Satellites Boost

Truck Performance and

Security 256

6.7 Chapter Six Review 260





Chapter SevenCranes—Gentle Giants in Construction 2657.1 An Impressive Family Tree 266


7.3 Forces and Moments Affecting Crane

Tipping 267

7.4 The Astonishing Capabilities of Ropes

and Sheaves 270

7.5 Keeping Mobile Cranes Erect 279

7.6 Reaching High and Out with a Jib 288

7.7 The Omnipresent Tower Crane 294

7.8 Calculating Crane Productivity 298

7.9 Electronic Devices to Boost Safety and

Productivity 305

7.10 Traits of the Master Crane

Operator 311

7.11 Signaling with Hand Signs and Voice—

Danger of Miscommunications 314

7.12 Chapter Seven Review 316


Basic Concepts and Definitions 317


Calculation Problems 318


Bibliography 319

Chapter EightCreating and Securing a Deep Dig 3218.1 The History of Digging Deep and

Retaining the Earth 322


Contents xiii

FTOCXML 12/28/2012 17:9:22

8.3 Building on Soft Ground 324

8.4 Dewatering the Ground to Excavate

in the Dry 325

8.5 Preventing Collapse of a Vertical

Earth Wall 335

8.6 Bracing Systems to Support

Retaining Walls 352

8.7 Chapter Eight Review 362


Homework Problems 363



Bibliography 365

Chapter NineThe Many Ways to Construct DeepFoundations 3679.1 FromWooden Stilts to Jetted

Piles 368


9.3 Problems with Building on Soft

Ground 370

9.4 Pile-Driving Technology 373

9.5 Non-Driven Load-Carrying Piles,

Columns, and Caissons 382

9.6 Chapter Nine Review 411





Bibliography 414

Chapter TenForms and Temporary Structures forMaterial and Laborers 41710.1 The Family Tree of Temporary

Supports 418


10.3 The Principles of Shoring 420

10.4 The Ubiquitous Scaffold 431

10.5 The Large World of Concrete

Formwork 443

10.6 Chapter Ten Review 465





Bibliography 467

Chapter ElevenHow Do They Build TheseMagnificent Bridges? 46911.1 History of Bridge Construction 470


11.3 Characteristics of Modern

Bridges 473

11.4 Properties of Key Building

Materials 480

11.5 Conventional Construction of the

Superstructure 505

11.6 Bridge Building with Launching

Gantry (LG) 513

11.7 Cable-Stayed Bridge

Construction 525

11.8 The Construction of Arch

Bridges 531

11.9 Chapter Eleven Review 538




Bibliography 539

Glossary 541

Index 589

xiv Contents

construction equipment and methods - doocc … · ffirsxml 12/28/2012 16:8:28 page 1 construction...

Documents