closing the frontier 1866-1888. the frontier wars
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Closing the Closing the FrontierFrontier1866-1888
The Frontier WarsThe Frontier Wars
“My people have never first drawn a bow or fired a gun against the whites. There has been trouble on the line between us and my young men have danced the war dance. But it was not begun by us…if the Texans had kept out of my country, there might have been peace. But that which you now say we must live on is too small. The Texans have taken away places where the grass grew the thickest and the timber was the best. The white man has the country which we loved, and we only wish to wander the prairie until we die.” Ten Bears, Comanche leader
Ten BearsComanche leader
A History of ConflictA History of ConflictConflict with Native Americans started as soon as Europeans arrived in North America
Mexico continued to fight Indians over land after gaining independence from Spain
Conflicts continued when Anglos settled in Texas
The Republic of Texas continued to fight Indians for land
A History of ConflictA History of ConflictWhen Texas became a state, the U.S. Army entered the conflict on the frontier
The absence of troops during the Civil War weakened frontier defenses
Indians in West Texas and Mexico attacked settlements on frontier and pushed settlers farther east
Soldiers Defending TexasSoldiers Defending TexasAfter the Civil War, U.S. troops returned to the Texas frontier in 1867
Texans wanted troops to help stop Indian raids – set up forts
Native Americans had several advantages over the soldiers:◦Hit-and-run tactics (strike/escape)◦Better fighters on horseback◦Knew the land in Texas well
Medicine Lodge TreatyMedicine Lodge TreatyAfter years of conflict, tribal leaders met with U.S. government in Kansas in 1867
They signed the Medicine Lodge TreatyA treaty is a formal agreement between two nations
Indians agreed to move to reservations in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma)
Agreed to stop raiding white settlementsThe government would provide the Indians with food and supplies
Medicine Lodge TreatyMedicine Lodge TreatySome Natives believed the treaty would bring peace
Many Comanches and Kiowas opposed treaty and moving to the reservations
They wanted to live on the plains as hunters and raiders – NOT give up their traditional way of life
U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant sent Quakers to the reservations but Quaker peace plan failed
Medicine Lodge TreatyMedicine Lodge Treaty
Salt Creek MassacreSalt Creek MassacreIn 1871, President Grant sent army General William Sherman to Texas
Satanta (Kiowa leader) led 100 warriors to raid a wagon train at Salt Creek
They killed seven teamsters and burned the wagons
This massacre outraged Texans and caused the army to change their policy
No longer just defended the frontier – they moved all Indians onto reservations
Salt Creek MassacreSalt Creek Massacre
SatantaSatantaKiowaKiowaChiefChief
Army LeadershipArmy LeadershipGeneral William Sherman
◦Union hero during the Civil War◦Commanded the Army
General Philip Sheridan◦Directed campaign against Indians
General Ranald Mackenzie◦Led Red River War◦Best Indian fighter in the West
Army LeadershipArmy Leadership
ShermaShermann SheridaSherida
nnMackenzMackenzieie
Native American Native American LeadershipLeadership
Quanah Parker◦Son of a Comanche father and a white mother, Cynthia Ann Parker
◦Comanche warrior and leaderLone Wolf
◦Kiowa leader who did not sign the Medicine Lodge Treaty
◦Opposed settlement on reservations
Quanah Parker – Quanah Parker – ComancheComanche
Lived in two worldsComanches captured his mother, Cynthia Ann Parker, when she was a child
She adopted Indian culture and married a Comanche war chief
In 1860, Texas Rangers killed Quanah’s father and captured Cynthia Ann
Quanah left behind with Comanches and became skilled warrior
Quanah Parker – Quanah Parker – ComancheComanche
In 1875, he surrendered to U.S. cavalryQuanah adapted to white culture and helped other Indians do the same
Quanah became wealthy through ranching and investing
He established many important white friendships, including President Theodore Roosevelt
He died on February 23, 1911 at the age of 66
Quanah Quanah ParkerParker
Frontier WarsFrontier WarsIn 1871, more soldiers and horses arrived to enforce the reservation policy
U.S. troop strategies:◦Attacked Indian villages◦Captured food, blankets and supplies
◦Burned villages and killed horsesArmy tried another tactic to defeat the Native Americans
The BuffaloThe BuffaloThe army destroyed the buffalo – the major food source for Plains Indians
The army nearly drove the buffalo to extinction
Extinction – complete destructionWithout buffalo to hunt, the Plains Indians could NOT support their way of life
The BuffaloThe Buffalo
Adobe WallsAdobe WallsIn 1874, Quanah Parker and Lone Wolf led an attack on a camp of hunters at Adobe Walls
Several Comanches, Kiowas and Cheyennes surrounded the hunters
After 5 days, the Indians had to retreat
This became known as the Battle of Adobe Walls and led to the Red River War
Red River WarRed River WarWar between soldiers and Indians took place in the Panhandle
Texas Rangers joined the fighting led by John B. Jones
Key battle took place at Palo Duro Canyon led by Ranald Mackenzie
Soldiers captured the Indians’ horses and entire winter food supply
Indians’ surrendered and most moved to the reservations
Red River WarRed River WarAdobe Adobe WallsWalls
Palo DuroPalo DuroCanyonCanyon
Red River WarRed River War
Palo Duro CanyonPalo Duro Canyon
Rio Grande CampaignsRio Grande CampaignsIn 1877, the government ordered the Apaches onto a reservation in Arizona
Victorio, Apache chief, and several hundred Apaches left the reservation and led raids across Southwest/Mexico
American and Mexican forces pursued Victorio and his people and they escaped into Mexico
Mexican forces killed him and most of his warriors
Rio Grande CampaignsRio Grande Campaigns
Victorio, Apache Victorio, Apache chiefchief
Buffalo SoldiersBuffalo SoldiersTwo units chasing Apaches were African American troops led by white officers
Called Buffalo Soldiers – a name of respect for courage and strength
Lt. Henry Ossian Flipper was first African American graduate of West Point
He served on the Texas frontier for four years but faced unfair treatment
Dismissed from army in 1882 but granted honorable discharge in 1976
Buffalo SoldiersBuffalo Soldiers
Lt. Henry Ossian Lt. Henry Ossian FlipperFlipper
The War EndsThe War EndsAfter January 1881, Indian resistance in Texas ended
Texas Frontier Wars had a terrible effect on Indians
Many Indians died in battle protecting their tribal lands
Many more died from hunger and diseases, such as small pox and cholera
They lost their traditional way of life on the reservations and most were unhappy
The War EndsThe War EndsVictory in the Frontier Wars opened the entire state of Texas to white settlement
Cattle ranchers moved into West Texas
New railroad lines crossed all parts of the state
Settlers built homes, schools and churches
The Texas frontier had closed
QuizQuiz1. In the Medicine Lodge Treaty, the Indians
agreed to move to reservations in Indian Territory in exchange for …
A. the right to vote in national electionsB. government representationC. food and suppliesD. the right to practice their own religion 2. Who were the Buffalo Soldiers?A. Buffalo hunters sent to destroy the
Indians’ food sourceB. African American troops who fought in
the Frontier WarsC. Vigilante soldiers hired to kill IndiansD. Quakers sent to peacefully run the
reservations
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