classification of holograms and types of hologram used in ... · international conference on...
Post on 01-Jul-2018
232 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design 24 - 26 April 2014, Istanbul – Turkey
35
Classification of Holograms and Types of Hologram Used in Holographic Art Vildan Işık Department of Industrial Design, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Meliksah UniversityTalas/Kayseri, Turkey vldnsk@gmail.com ABSTRACT Holography is a modern imaging technique which was created by the research and applications of numerous physicists, chemists, mathematicians and engineers, and which is still being continue to develop. With this technique, recording and storage of the light and sound and re-creation of them at the desired time and space is intended. Mainly used in scientific and technological research and applications, holography, also began to be used increasingly in the field of art in many countries, by the time many artists had discovered the artistic potential of this technique in the 1960s. Holography is a technique that include many hologram types. Some of these types could be used in the holographic art, however each hologram type is not appropriate for artistic use. In order to understand which of them could be used in art, firstly classification of this technique as well as the types should be known. In this study, holograms are classified, and hologram types used in the holographic art,and holographic art terms are examined. Keywords: Holography, hologram, holographic art, classification of holograms, types of hologram, terminology of holographic art, INTRODUCTION In 1947, Hungarian scientist Dennis Gabor who’s an electrical engineer and physicist is the first who find the technique and gives it the name of Holography ( Hecth, 2010). With this technique, all the features of the waves; wave intensity (wave height ); wave color (wavelength) and wave direction (wave vibration angle) are recorded, stored and re- constructed (Onural, 2008). Previously, holography was a technique which is used only in laboratories, afterwards it increasinly has began to be used in more and more areas. Artistic potential of holography was discovered by a small group towards the end of the 1960s. Holography has a process which’s similar to the history of photography in terms of technical improvements, market demand and artistic acceptance. The artistic acceptance of the holography and the evaluation of it as a separate art form is based on the post-1980s (Johnston, 2006). Holograms are produced by different techniques in holography, so that there are many different kinds of holograms. Knowledge of the classification of holography and the used varieties in understanding and evaluating the holographic art will contribute significantly to the preference of which type of hologram will be preferred. Therefore, in the study firstly the classification of holograms described and afterwards the hologram types which are frequently used in the holographic art is explicated (Işık, 2014). Classification Of Holograms Holograms can be classified under the following headings (Işık, 2012): Use and Study Area.There are many holograms which are used in many areas and for different purposes such as optics, electronics, medicine, IT, architecture, museology, art, culture, industry, military and security. These are classified according to the use and examination purposes under the headings like medical holograms, art holograms and security holograms etc. Optik and Electonic Elements.Different kinds of holograms arise according to the holographic optical elements (HOE) such as lenses, mirrors, filters, prisms and etc. and holographic electronic elements (HEE) such as electrons, crystal displays, cameras, computers, etc.. which are used in hologram recording and re-construction. Holographic Object.Holographic object can refer to an object which is dead or alive, with or without motion as well as it can refer to the sound frequency, microscopic organisms, electrons which are so small to be seen visibly and subatomic particles. Also sometimes a hologram may be the object of another hologram (fig.1). Depending on the nature of the holographic object different hologram varieties are emerging.
Hol
Fig. Refangrefle
ogram’s Holo
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
. 4. Illuminat
ferance and Oles of the refeection, transm
Internatio24 - 26 Apr
ogram. Photo.
Developing/B
. Color / Illum
tion / Dimens
Object Beam.rence and objeission, single b
nal Conferenril 2014, Istanb
Fi
by Vildan Işık
Bleaching. Ph
mination. Pho
sions.Photo. b
.Different typeect beams usebeam, off-axis,
ce on Commubul – Turkey
ig. 1. Copy an
k, Hangyo Int. C
oto. by Vildan
to. by Vildan I
by Vildan Işık, H
s of hologramsed in holograph, on-axis.
unication, Me
nd Multiplicat
Corp. R&D Cen
Işık, Hangyo I
şık, Hangyo In
Hangyo Int. Co
s have emergehic recording. T
edia, Technolo
tion
nter Holograph
Int. Corp. R&D
nt. Corp. R&D C
orp. R&D Cente
ed depending oThere could be
ogy and Desig
y Lab., Seoul-
Center Hologr
Center Hologra
er Holography
on the positione different holo
gn
S.Korea.
raphy Lab., Se
aphy Lab., Seo
Lab., Seoul-S.
ns, numbers anogram types su
oul-S.Korea.
ul-S.Korea.
Korea.
nd the uch as
B
HTa Dtbp
c Iass
s
f
D
Sct
D
w
Copy and Mu(fig.1).These m Broken Hologrif it is broken. hologram. Tran Hologram's HoThese could beare of this type Developing Pthis process wbleaching operphase hologram Color.Differencombination (f Illumination.accordingly (fisource or daylsolar embosse Construction some types, fhologram whicfrom the objechologram (MIT Dimensions.Dholograms acc Thick and Thin Small and Largcalled large-sctransmission h Dimensional H1D hologram iis done in acou 2D hologram iparallax effects2D/3D holograhere refers towhich’re recorused frequentl 3D hologram point and whic
Interna24 - 26
ultiplication.Cmethods are ge
ram. A hologra Each of the brnsmission-H1 h
ologram. Makine defined as ce.
Phase.Some hwhich the recoration is appliem. Artists ofte
t kinds of holfig.3,4). These
Depending ong.3,4). Some hlight. For examd hologram ca
Stages.To defor example inch can be usedct. The symbolT, 2001).
Dimensions is cording to their
n Holograms. T
ge-Scale Hologcale hologram.hologram.
Holograms. s the linear reustical hologra
s used to defins however whiam is used to the paralaxe ded over and y by the artist
is used to mech you can go a
Anaït
ational Confe April 2014, Ist
Copying and reenerally groupe
phic plate/filmroken pieces mholograms are
ng a hologram opy hologram
holograms has orded image ied with chemicn uses bleache
logram arises are different h
n the method holograms are
mple, transmisn be seen in o
efine the hologn sandwich hold as a master hl of H2 is used
pointing to ther size in three d
Thick hologram
grams. Size de. Produced ma
cord of one ofm.
ne the holograch various colodefine holograproperty of hoover on a sings (fig.4) and fo
ean to display around them.
Arutunoff Ste
rence on Comtanbul – Turke
econstruction ed under the fo
m preserves all may be used as that like holog
to be the obje or H2, H3 etc
been going ths stabilized, tals (fig.2). Thi
ed phase holog
according to hologram types
they’re record visible with lasion-H1 hologrdinary light.
grams accordinlograms H3, Hhologram. Thisd to define a co
e hologram sizdifferent ways:
points to the
efinition, an edany hologram
the x, y or z-a
aphic recordingors could be sephic recorded
olograms, and gle surface. 2Dor some hologr
a shiny, trans
Fig. 5. Refphens, Scearch
(art-in-holo
mmunication,y
of holograms ollowing headi
of the informas a master holograms.
ect of another hc. White light t
hrough a bathrto increase theis type hologragrams to show
the usage of s such as achro
ded, hologramaser, some in arams are visib
ng to their conH4 symbols ars is the direct ropy hologram
ze as well as to:
volume and th
dge with new tsize is quite s
axis data. One
g material sucheen and the ho surface and th to the real anD/3D identificaraphic printing
sparent, three
flection Hologhing, 1997, puography.org. 1
Media, Techn
with various angs:
ation belongingogram. This fe
hologram and transmission, r
room process e transparencyam which beco the 'back' of th
red, blue, greomatic, true co
ms are displayea special light ble with laser,
nstruction stagre also used (Trecording of thwhich is the h
o x, y, z plane
inhologram po
techniques, it usmall, but now
e-dimensional s
h as glass or fiolographic projehe dimensionsnd virtual areaation is used fs used in secu
-dimensional h
gram ulse laser reflec1996).
nology and D
analog or digit
g to the whole ature is not av
producing a nerainbow and m
in the dark rooy and gloss ome transparenhe hologram to
een laser beamolor, pseudo co
ed in differentsource, and sowhereas holog
ges H1 and H2Tornare, 2007
he laser beam ahologram of a
es (fig.4). It is
oints to the pla
usually rangeswadays can pr
sound frequenc
ilm, the hologrection without of this surfac or the distanor many kindsrity systems.
hologram whic
ction hologram
esign
tal methods is
in all of its pievailable in ever
ew hologram ismulti-channel h
om after the rof the hologrant by bleachingo the viewer.
ms individuallyolorand, multi
t ways and aome in an ordigrams such as
2 symbols are7). H1; is a sias a one step hologram or a
possible to cla
ne.
from 60 cm toduce 3 m2 w
cies’ holograph
raphic printing parallax effecte. The 3D idence between ths of holograms
ch is visible fro
m
s possible
eces even ry type of
s possible. holograms
record. In m also a g is called
y or by a color.
re sorted nary light rainbow,
used. In ngle step operation two step
assify the
o large is white light
hic record
s without ts. ntification he images s that are
om every
TYPRefrecoillumVirtpersveryBoy199(fig. Trathrorecocanthe muceasiwheFrie DenuniqDesandstabinvaRaz
WhStep
PES OF HOLOGflection Hologording, sourcemunated from ual and real imspective as hoy small amouyd’sLucy in a T92, Ana Maria .5).
nsmission Hoough the recoonstructed usin be viewed wit same type usech bigger thanily.Have an imereby each pieend(1989), Al R
nisyuk Hologque laser light spite having ge clarity of thebilized by devaluable objectsutis’sNewtonia
(a) Stephen
ite Light Traphen Benton in
Internatio24 - 26 Apr
Al Razutis, P
GRAM USED Igram.These ho and object lithe front with mage are limit
orizontal and vunt of naturaTin Hat1988, HNicholson’sApr
ologram. “A mrding mediumng laser light.Cth a mercury oed to make then the holograpmage can be pece still contaRazutis’sPose20
gram.This holofor object and
enerally quite ae hologram, aseloping and cs in museums an Galactic Ass
Benton, CrystaCollectio
ansmission Hn the USA in 1
nal Conferenril 2014, Istanb
FPose, 2007, ma
Fig. 7Yuri D
IN HOLOGRAolograms can ight is in the 450 white lightted by approxertical. In thisal brightness(Harriet Casdinril 1990s (fig.9
master or copm, somewhat lCopy transmissor a sodium lae recording. Thphic plate or fprojected ontoins the entire007 (fig.6).
ogram found b source lights(a small depth, s in all reflect
cleared afterwafor the documembly Line 19
Fig. 8. Whital Beginning, 1n(b) Stephen
Hologram – 1969 (fig.8 a,b
ce on Commubul – Turkey
ig. 6.Transmiaster transmiss
7.Denisyuk RDenisyuk with h
(vanrenessec
PHIC ART be H1 and H2opposite direc
t. Field depth oximately 25-30s holograms w(Leonardo, 20n-Silver’sCoda 9),Rudie Berkh
y hologram inlike a slide. Wsion hologramsamp” (Leonardhe virtual imagfilm sheet thato a screen or image” (Jeon
by Juri N. Denfig.7). These h an extremely tion hologramsards. Denisyuk
mentation of ob74-76, Wenyo
te Light Tran977, white ligh A. Benton with
WLT.It is also). It is a H2 ho
unication, Me
ission Hologrsion hologram
Reflection Holhis reflection honsulting.com)
2 as well as thction of recordof reflection ho0 cm. Despite hitening are v
001). Example1990s and To
hout’sLift-Off20
which the imWhen a transms, however, areo, 2001: 379)e can be very t records the other surfaceng and Jeong,
isyuk in Russiholograms are realistic images, in Denisyukk hologram habjects (Leonardn & Gamble’sB
smission Holht transmissionh his work (ww
o known as Bologram which
edia, Technolo
ram and model (alc
ogram ologram ).
ey can be singding material olograms is smthis, reflectionery important
es: Margaret o Van Eyck an001, Anaït Arut
mage can be vimission hologre illuminated w. This type“is sharp and deehologram. Ref
e with a laser., 2005). Exam
a, 1961 is a the first visiblee of an object k hologram asas been a kindo, 2001; obe
Biblyography19
ogram - WLTn hologram, 30ww.holophile.co
Benton holograh was produced
ogy and Desig
chemists.com)
gle color and in its reprodu
maller than trann hologram pr because theseBenyon’sTiger
nd Bosh2004, tunoff Stephen
ewed when a ram is a mas
with white lightviewed with la
ep. Captures anflection hologr.Can be broke
mples: Paula D
hologram of re H1 hologramcan be viewed
s well, recordend mostly usel.ee.uwa.edu,
992.
T 0,48 x 30,48 com. 2009).
am because itd from master
gn
)
multicolored. duction, it has nsmission hologreserves its pae holograms hr Girl1985, PAlexander’sSu
ns’sScearching
light source pster hologram,t, and in someaser light, usuan image of a suams cannot d
en into small pDawson’s To A
eflection in whs seen in white
d. For the brighed image shoud in arts to r2011).Exampl
m, Eve Ritsche
t was develope hologram. Be
during to be grams. arallax have a Patrick urprise 1997
passes , it is cases, ally of ubject o this pieces Absent
hich a e light. htness uld be record es: Al
er
ed by nton’s
w
PTwa
P
M
oc
Hc
t
works brough2003).Especiaimportant roleuse hologramsbe seen onlyMoree’sPhoenix
Ana Maria N
Vildan Işık, Ho
Lloyd G. Cro
Pulse Laser HThis laser is uswith the adveactive inanimalaser. The dev2001; hologrPortrait1990s,(fig.5). Multi Channepatterns. Moreone patterns. channel hologExamples: Mar Holographic camera and cphysicist, first these series orevealed the influenced con
Interna24 - 26
t important dlly WLT hologr
e increasing ofs which can bey with a laseix 461996, Har
Nicholson, April
oloSuret-V, 20Produced plac
oss (b. 1934) w
Hologram.Pulssed to record ant of this laseate objects sucvelopment of pams.co.uk: 2 Sally Weber’s
el Hologram.Te than one holoThis techniqu
grams can bergeret Benyon’
Stereogram. computer, com took pictures f diapositive hfirst holograp
nsiderably the
ational Confe April 2014, Ist
development nrams can be s artistic potente seen in dayliger. Examples: rriet Casdin-Sil
l, 1990s, appro
12, two channee: Hangyo Int
with oil lens in Cambr
se laser is a firanimate objecter now it is poch as falling wulsating ruby
2012; Nicholsos interferogram
This type of hographic plate e provided mu produced wit’sTiger Girl 198
This techniqumbines photogr
turning aroundholograms (fig.phic stereogrause of hologra
rence on Comtanbul – Turke
not only scienseen in daylightial of hologramght or halogen Rudie Berkhver’sIan1994,
Fig. 9. Pulsox. 50 x 60 cm
(anamar
Fig. 10. Multel reflection ho. Corp. R&D Ce
Fig. 11. Holo1977. Credit: C
ridge, Massach
rm solid state lts and vivid sceossible to recorwater, soap bulaser in the eaon, 2009).Exms, Al Razutis
ologramis prod can be used inuch flexibility th these holo85, Vildan Işık’
e consisting ofraphy, cinemad a person or a.11). Later, hem (Cross, 19
aphy artistically
mmunication,y
ntific but alsoht and can bem (Johnston, 2
n, led or ordinaout’s 12mW Richard Koste
se Laser Holom, silver halide rianicholson.co
ti Channel Hoologram, 19 x 2enter Holograp
ographic StereCourtesy of theusetts (Johnsto
laser spreadingenes. Once onlrd animate obbbles, scattere
arly 1980s allowamples:Ana Ms’sPose 2007
duced by the n layers and alfor artists in tgrams expose’sHoloSuret-V2
f taking and cotography and an object withe mounted the992). Holograpy. Generally st
Media, Techn
o artistic as we hung on the2005).Thus, asary light bulb iBoogie1978,Slanetz’s On Ho
ogram holographic film).
ologram 23,5 cm, silver
phy Lab., Seou
eogram. e Massachuseton, 2006: 179
g complying ligly being able to
bjects such as ed feathers anwed much easMaria Nichols(fig.6), Anaït
masking and so can be multerms of maned many time2012 (fig.10).
ombining the i holography. L traditional pho
ese holograms phic stereogratereograms are
nology and D
well as comm wall and thess an artistic denstead of maketsuo Ishii’sFr
olography1978(
lm. Model: Kor
r halide hologrl-S.Korea. (Işık
tts Institute of ).
ghts in short ano record inanimhumans, anim
nd popcorn witsiness for hologon’sApril(fig.9)Arutunoff Ste
multi exposureti exposed by ipulating the f
es with laser
images from dLloyd G. Crossotographic dia in a roller wham which wae displayed by
esign
mercial areas se reasons plaevice, artists s
king hologramsrozen Time19(fig.11).
rean dancer Ap
aphic film, cenk, 2012).
Technology Mu
nd non-permanmate and staticmals, flowers ath the help of gram artists (L) and Keith
ephens’sScearc
e methods of using one or mform and cololight(Leonardo
different angless, who is an positive and th
hich is 120˚ ors developed
y turning on an
(mit.edu, ayed very started to s that can 83, Sam
pril Yao
nter wiev.
useum,
nent form. c objects, as well as pulsating
Leonardo, Haring’s
ching1997
hologram more than ur. Multi-o, 2001).
s through American hen made r 360˚ so by Cross
n axis but
the (Leo
Rph
360sterVolualmandexacalleExaKos CONUsinlimitstudembregadivethesreal REFCern
Cros
BenCoy
Daw
Hec
Işık
IşıkIşık
IshiJeon
John
John
Kos
KurzNich
movement anonardo, 2001).
Richard Kostelaoto: Robert Ha
0˚ Hologramreogram, 360˚umetric hologrost not possib 360˚ cylindricmple of this hed integral homples: Aarontelanetz’sOn H
NCLUSİON ng different dtation of manydy. There are bossed, rainboard that hologersities of holose pose an obsity, virtuality a
FERENCES necky, Jozef, E
http://wwwss, Lloyd G., C
Press. yon, Margaret
yle, Rebecca, PAustralia, C
wson, Paula. (2309.ps - 5/
ht, Jett. (2010http://www
, Vildan. (2012Turkey.
, Vildan. (2013, Vildan. (2014
(accepted)i, Setsuko. Setng, Alec, T. H.
http://wwwnston, Sean F.
History andnston, Sean F.
Perspectivetelanetz, Richa
Printed in Gzen, Aaron.(19holson, Ana Ma
of Physics:
Internatio24 - 26 Apr
nd depth of pa.Example: Pau
anetz, On Holoaller, Pittsburg
m. There are m˚ cylindrical hrams are imageble to make it cal holograms hologram. It isologram. Imagn Kurzen’sPrimHolography1978
iversity of diffy branches of a also many diow, holographiraphy is a tecgrams which astacle it will beand multi-sens
Elena Pivarciovw.holografia.wzCecil Cross. (19
. The Benyon Ahillip HaywardChapter 2, Univ2008). “Hologra/6/2008 0). “Holographyw.osaopn.org/p2). Holography
3). “Holograph4). “Types of H. tsuko Ishii's Ma Jeong. (2005)w.integraf.com/ (2005, Decemd Technology, V (2006, May). e, V. 8, p. 164-ard. (1980). “MGreat Britain. 983).“Holograparia. (2012). “A Conference Se
nal Conferenril 2014, Istanb
rtial cylindricala Dawson’sLu
graphy, 1978,h, Penn. “The
many ways tohologram and es which are ‘fwithout controare the most cs formed by coe formed in t
mal Manifesta8 (fig.12).
ferent holograart. It is also nversity of holoc interferograhnique which are used in arte used more coory areas.
va. (2011). “Poz.cz/holograph992). “HoloStor
Archive, http:/. (1995). “Marversity of Sydnaphic Chiarosc
y And The Laseprint.aspx?pathy as a Medium
ic Art”, ElectroHologram Used
ain Portfolio Pa). “How to Mak/a-make_trans
mber). “AttributV. 21, p. 367-3 “Absorbing Ne-188. My Artwork Ent
phic StereogramA Holographic eries IOP Publ
ce on Commubul – Turkey
l holograms shminous Presen
Fig. 12. 360 3600 cylindricacylinder was ro
4
o make hologvolumetric ho
floating’ in theolled laboratorycommon used ombining two the middle of tion 1977 (K
ams in art enrnecessary to emograms whichm and digital still continue t
t. Because of common in art
ossibilities and y/Sandwich_Mries: Reminisce
//www.mbenyorgaret Benyon:ney, Power Puburo: Figures in
er”, Optical Soch=%2FArchiveof Artistic Expr
onic Journal of in Holographic
age, http://wwke Transmissionsmission_hologting Scientific 392. ew Subjects: H
titled 'On Holog
ms in AssemblaCollaboration, lishing http://
unication, Me
how up with vince2007 (Daws
0˚ Hologram.al white-light totated by an e40)
grams which hologram are se air, can see fy tests(komarby artist. Vilda 180˚ holograthe cylinder i
Kurzen, 1983:
riched visual mphasize holog are used for hologram etcto develop, it complexity of hin time. Thus,
Prospect of HoMethod.php ences and a Pr
on.com The Founding
blications, Austn Virtual and Ps
ciety of Americes%2F0710%2ression, Arts P
Social Sciencec Art”, Electron
ww.absoluteartsn Holograms”,gram.htm and Technolog
olography as a
graphy'”, Leon
age”, 9th Internatio/iopscience iop
edia, Technolo
iewer's movemson, 2008: 303
. transmission holectric motor a
have effect ofsome of this from all angles.cs.stthomas.ean Işık’s work wms which are n the air and 10), Ray P
expression angraphic art is n artistic purpo. which do nois possible to
holograph tech it will emerge
olography: San
rognostication o
of Holographitralia. seudoscopic Sp
ca, FFeatures%2Froficiency Thes
es, ISSN:1304-nic Journal of S
s.com/ Integraf L.L.C
gical Proggress
an Analog of Ph
ardo, Vol. 13,
nal Symposiumorg/1742-659
ogy and Desig
ment which is i3).
ologram, R .41at 1 rev/min” (
f 360˚ parallakind of hologs by turning a
edu). 360° holowhich is called recorded sepa only can be Park’sCoexisten
d figuration anot limited justose such as coot take place isay that it wil
hnique and highe a new philoso
ndwich Method
on Holography
c Art”, Hologra
pace”, Leonard
FHolography-ansis, Gazi Unive
-0278, AutumnSocial Sciences
C Holographic F
: The Case of H
hotography”, P
pp. 40-41. Per
m on Display H96/415/1/0120
gn
in front of holo
1.5 cm, h. 24 cKostelanetz, 1
ax. 360˚ hologram(Saxby, 1round of peopografik stereog Holo-Suret IVarately. This idisplayed by
nce 2011, Ri
also it enlarget is explained iomputer genein this study. ll be changes h of its cost, eophic trend bet
”, holografia.w
y”, Leonardo, M
aphic Art in
do, 4103_pp30
nd-the-Laser.aersity, Ankara,
n, V. 47, p. 21s, Spring, V. 49
Film & Supplies
Holography”,
Physics in
rgamon Press 1
Holography”, Jo018 2013: 3
ogram
cm, 980:
ografik 1994). le but grams V is an s also laser. ichard
ed the in this rated, If we in the
even if tween
wz.cz,
MIT
01-
spx
2-231. 9
s,
1980.
ournal
International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design 24 - 26 April 2014, Istanbul – Turkey
41
Nicholson, Ana Maria. (2009). “Holography: A Love Story”, http://66.39.59.128/AnaMariaNicholsonPaper.pdf Onural, Levent. (2008, September 30). “Üçboyutlu Televizyon 3DTV”, Bilkent-Erzurum Seminar. Razutis, Al.alchemists.com,http://www.alchemists.com/visual_alchemy/west-coast2.html Saxby, Graham.(1994). Practical Holography, IOP Publishing, UK. Tornari, Vivi. (2007, January 04). “Laser Interference-based Tecniques and Applications in Stuructual Inspection of Works
of Art”, Anal Bioanal Chem, S. 387, p.761-780. Weber, Sally. Pulsed Light, http://www.sallyweber.com/pulsed.html Anonymous art-in-holography.org.(1996). http://www.art-in-holography.org/ holograms.co.uk. “The History of Spatial Imaging Portraits”, http://www.holograms.co.uk/portraits/page3.html holophile.com. (2009). “History and Development of Holography”, http://www.holophile.com/history.htm komar.cs.stthomas.edu. “Volumetric and Holographic Imaging”, Komar's Korner
University,http://komar.cs.stthomas.edu/qm425/02s/Lloyd3.htm Leonardo. (2001). “New Media Dictionary: Terms-Part 4: Holography”, Leonardo, Editor: Louise Poissant, Journal of the
International Society for the Arts, Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology-MIT Press, Vol. 34, No.4, p.370-380.
MIT Museum. “Holography: The Light Fantastic”, http://web.mit.edu/museum/exhibitions/holography-the-light-fantastic.html
MIT News. (2003, Nov. 12). “Holography Pioneer Stephen Benton Dies at 61”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2003/benton.html
obel.ee.uwa.edu.au. The Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, http://obel.ee.uwa.edu.au/research/holography/intro/
Rudie Berkhout Collection.http://www.facebook.com/therudieberkhoutcollection?fref=ts vanrenesseconsulting.com. “Yuri Denisyuk-Pioneer of Modern Holography”,
http://www.vanrenesseconsulting.com/index.php?t=1162304382&page=photography.htm
top related