class 8, sampling strategies
Post on 10-May-2015
471 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
KEVIN ANCHUKAITISCOLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
A THOUSAND YEARS OF HUMAN HISTORY AND THE ASIAN MONSOON FROM TROPICAL TREE RINGS
FRI MAR 4, 2011BLEGEN 445
3:30 PM
THE PRINCIPLE OF
AGGREGATE TREE GROWTH
THE PRINCIPLE OF
REPLICATION
STANDARDIZATION
TREE-RING WIDTH DATApith
bark
Photograph: Neil Pederson
S A M P L I N G S T R AT E G I E S
h!p://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/li!le/
h!p://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/li!le/
h!p://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/li!le/
THE PRINCIPLE OF ECOLOGICAL AMPLITUDEA tree species may grow and reproduce over a certain range of habitats; that range is described as its ecological amplitude. Trees that grow near the margins or limits of their ecological amplitude are o!en sensitive to changes in their environment.
h!p://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/li!le/
Photograph: Phil Camill
Average temperatures are remarkably consistent at treeline locations around the world
Source: Körner and Paulsen, Journal of Biogeography, 2004
Photograph: Greg Brooks
Photograph: a rancid amoeba
MORE DAYS WHERE MOISTURE IS LIMITING TO PROCESSES IN TREE
INCREASING VARIABILITY IN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
DECREASING EFFECTIVE PRECIPITATION
Low
High
Forest interior Semiarid forest border
c.f. Fri!s, 1976
MORE DAYS WHERE MOISTURE IS LIMITING TO PROCESSES IN TREE
INCREASING VARIABILITY IN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
DECREASING EFFECTIVE PRECIPITATION
Low
High
Forest interior Semiarid forest border
Average ring-widthArborial dominance
c.f. Fri!s, 1976
MORE DAYS WHERE MOISTURE IS LIMITING TO PROCESSES IN TREE
INCREASING VARIABILITY IN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
DECREASING EFFECTIVE PRECIPITATION
Low
High
Forest interior Semiarid forest border
PERCENT ABSENT
RINGS
c.f. Fri!s, 1976
MORE DAYS WHERE MOISTURE IS LIMITING TO PROCESSES IN TREE
INCREASING VARIABILITY IN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
DECREASING EFFECTIVE PRECIPITATION
Low
High
Forest interior Semiarid forest border
CORRELATION
BETWEEN
TREES
c.f. Fri!s, 1976
‘Complacent’
‘Sensitive’
MORE DAYS WHERE MOISTURE IS LIMITING TO PROCESSES IN TREE
INCREASING VARIABILITY IN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
COMPLACENT
Low
High
Forest interior Semiarid forest border
CORRELATION
BETWEEN
TREES
SENSITIVE
DECREASING EFFECTIVE PRECIPITATION
c.f. Fri!s, 1976
Complacent SensitiveFri!s, 1976
THE PRINCIPLE OF SITE SELECTION
Dendrochronologists should apply the principles of limiting factors and ecological amplitude to determine which trees are most likely to provide information about a specific environmental signal.
Rt = At + Ct + δD1t + δD2t + Et
THE PRINCIPLE OF AGGREGATE TREE GROWTH
h!p://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/li!le/
Photograph: Phil Camill
ecotone a transitional area where one plant community changes into another, usually caused by changes in the environment such as changes in elevation or soil characteristics.
TARGETED vs. RANDOM
Photograph: mullica
where do we find old trees?
OLDLIST h!p://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm
Eastern OLDLIST h!p://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~adk/oldlisteast/
Trees can grow anywhere!
Photograph: Tom Harlan
Intermountain bristlecone pine 4,844 years
h!p://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/li!le/
Methuselah Ridge
Photograph: Tom Harlan
Bristlecone comparison photos
Wind erosion on bristlecone tag
Photograph: Tom Harlan
Bristlecone vista
Alerce 3,622 years
Photograph: Tim Waters
distribution map ofFITZROYA CUPRESSOIDES
Giant sequoia 3,266 years
Photograph: Julie Jordan Sco!
h!p://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/li!le/
Photograph: Byron Hetrick
Bristlecone vista
Coast redwood 2,200 years
Photograph:hoppinjonn
h!p://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/li!le/
Photograph: Brandi Korte
Photograph: Ralph Sievert
The Seward oak 330 yr?
White pine 1714
Photograph: Kurt Kipfmueller
Photograph: Danny Margoles
White cedar 1452
Leonardo da Vincib. 1452 d. 1519
IDENTIFYING CHARACTERISTICS OF PONDEROSA PINE TREES AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAGES
Old trees(>200 yr)
Young trees(<150 yr)
Crown shape Live crown ratio Branches Trunk
shape Bark Likely injuries
fla!ened, ‘bonsai’ shape, sparse and open, may be lopsided.
pointed top, ‘teardrop’ or ‘Christmas tree’ shape, dense foliage
small; o"en fire-pruned
large
few but large
many fine branches, dense foliage near the trunk
columnar
tapered
smooth, small flakes, pale orange or grey
large, coarse flakes, deep fissures, dark gray or black with dark orange
fire scars, dead tops, broken branches, lightning scars, rot, burls, exposed roots
very few, possible mistletoe or lightening scars
Source: Huckaby et al., 2003
Crown shapefla!ened, ‘bonsai’ shape, sparse and open, may be lopsided.
Branchesfew but large
Trunk shapecolumnar
youngest
middle
oldest
good sites poor sites
IDEALIZED SILHOUETTES OF PONDEROSA PINES
Source: Huckaby et al., 2003
Dr. Neil Pederson Lamont-Doherty Earth Observation
Pederson, N. 2010. External characteristics of old trees in the Eastern Deciduous Forest. Natural Areas Journal 30, 396:407.
SIX CHARACTERISTICS OF OLD TREES
smooth bark
low stem taper
high stem sinuosity
crowns with few, thick, twisting limbs
low crown volume
low ratio of leaf area to trunk volume
Quercus alba <150 yr, with flaky bark
Photograph: Neil Pederson
Quercus alba >250 yr, with low ridging
Photograph: Neil Pederson
Liriodendron tulipifera ca. 80 yr
Photograph: Neil Pederson
Liriodendron tulipifera ca. 500 yr
Photograph: Neil Pederson
Quercus muehlenbergii ca. 399 yr, with a low stem taper
Photograph: A. Wiggs
Lirodendron tulipifera showing serpentine bole and characteristic crown architecture
Photographs: Neil Pederson
Quercus muehlenbergii ca. 348 yr, with a few large branches in its crown
Photograph: Neil Pederson
Photograph: Diane Main
L. tulipifera with broken crown (le") and a celery top crown (right)
Photograph: Neil Pederson
Yoda
Size ma!ers not. Look at me. Judge me by my size, do you? Hm? Mmmm.
“”
Q. montana 250 to 350+ yrs, U!ertown NJ
Photograph: Neil Pederson
Photograph:s Neil Pederson
Quercus montana 428 yr
Quercus montana 411 yr
Quercus montana 427 yr
where do we find tree-ring data?
INTERNATIONAL
TREE-RING DATABANK
h!p://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/treering.html
Exercise!Use Google Earth to review the global distribution of tree-ring data.
top related