chromosomes chromatin – long strands of dna wrapped around proteins chromosome – a rod-shaped...

• Chromosomes

• Chromatin – long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins

• Chromosome – a rod-shaped structure that forms when a single DNA molecule coils tightly before cell division

• Chromatid – one of two copies of each chromosome

• Sister Chromatid – two identical copies of the chromosome

• Centromere – a protein disk that attaches the two chromatids

Single Chromosome Duplicated Chromosome

Single Chromosome Duplicated Chromosome

Sister Chromatids

Centromere

ChromatidChromatid

The Cell Cycle

Slide 3

Fig. 9.3, p. 151Video

Meiosis

Chromosome Number

• Chromosomes occur in pairs (23 pairs in humans)

• One from mom and one from dad

• Diploid (2n) – 2 of each kind of chromosome (46)

• Haploid (n) – one of each kind of chromosome (23)

• All species contain a characteristic number

• Pea Plant - 14

• Apple - 34

• Human – 46

• Dog – 78

Fig. 10-4, p.157

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 XX (or XY)

Why Meiosis?

• When cells divide by mitosis the new cells have exactly the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original cells.

• If fertilization occurs by mitosis then gametes would have twice the number of chromosomes 46 + 46 = 92

• Meiosis – cell division that cuts the chromosome number in half

Gamete Formation

• Germ Cell – a type of cell that goes through meiosis to make gametes

• Gametes – sex cells (sperm and egg)

• Sperm – male gametes

• Egg – female gametes

• Zygote – union of an egg and sperm

• Fertilization – the uniting of male and female gametes (sperm and egg)

• Sexual Reproduction – involves the production and fusion of haploid sex cells

Sperm (n = 23)

Egg (n = 23)

Zygote (2n = 46)

Phases of Meiosis

• Meiosis I

• Prophase I

• Chromosomes coil up

• Nuclear envelope breaks down

• Centrioles form and move to opposite poles

• Spindle fibers form

• Pairs of homologous chromosomes come together and form a tetrad

• Crossing Over – homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids

• There is an average of two to three crossovers for each pair of homologous chromosomes

• Crossing over results in new combinations of genetic material

Slide 9

Fig. 10.5 p. 166

• Metaphase I

• Spindle fibers attach to centromere

• Pairs of chromosomes line up in center

Slide 11

Fig. 10.6 p. 167

or

or

or

1 2 3

combinations possible

• Anaphase I

• Pairs of chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles

• Telophase I

• Spindle fibers break down

• Centrioles break down

• Chromosomes uncoil

• Nuclear envelope reforms

• Cytokinesis

• Cytoplasm divides into 2 new cells

• Each cell has half the genetic info of the original cell

• Even though we now have 23 chromosomes in each cell, the chromosomes are still in the duplicated state and it needs to divide again.

Meiosis II

• Prophase II

• Chromosomes coil

• Centrioles form and move to opposite poles

• Spindle fibers form

• Nuclear envelope breaks down

• Metaphase II

• Spindle fibers attach to centromere

• Chromosomes line up in center single file

• Anaphase II

• Centromere splits and sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

• Each chromatid is now called a chromosome

• Telophase II

• Spindles fibers break down

• Centrioles break down

• Chromosomes uncoil

• Nuclear envelope reforms

• Cytokinesis

• Cytoplasm divides into two new cells for a total of 4 new cells.

• Each cell has 23 single chromosomes, they are haploid

Video

plasma membrane

newly forming microtubules in the cytoplasm

spindle equator (midway between the two poles)

one pair of homologous chromosomes

PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I TELOPHASE I

MEIOSIS I

Fig. 10-5, p.158

PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II

MEIOSIS II

there is no DNA replication between the two divisions

Fig. 10-5b, p.159

• In mitosis, 1 diploid cell (2n) produces 2 diploid cells (2n)

• In meiosis, 1 diploid cell (2n) produces 4 haploid cells (n)

Mitosis Meiosis

2n 2n

2n 2n n n

n n n n

Male (sperm) Female (egg)

2n

2n

n nn n

n n n nn n n n

4 Sperm

1 Egg

3 Polar Bodies

Meiosis Provides for Genetic Variation

• Genetic Recombination – the reassortment of chromosomes and the genetic information they carry by crossing over

• 3 Places for Variation during Meiosis

1. There are 2 possibilities when homologous chromosomes line up in metaphase I

• 223 = 8 million

2. 8 million different kinds of sperm or egg

• Because any egg can be fertilized by any sperm the number of different possible offspring is 8 million x 8 million = @70 trillion

3. Crossing over leads to more variation

• Crossing over can occur anywhere at random on a chromosome

• 2 or 3 crossovers per chromosome occur during meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis

Two new cells Four new cells

New cells are genetically identical to the parent cell and each other

New cells are genetically different from the parent cell and each other

New cells are diploid New cells are haploid

For growth and replace old somatic cells

To make sperm and egg

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction