chemistry of life unit chapter 2-3 introductiontomacromolecules
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Chemistry of Life Chemistry of Life UnitUnitChapter 2-3Chapter 2-3
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
TOTO
MACROMOLECULMACROMOLECULESES
MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES
1)1) ““Macro” =????Macro” =????2)2) MacromoleculesMacromolecules are “giant are “giant
molecules”molecules”3)3) Formed through polymerizationFormed through polymerization
a.a. The prefix “poly” refers to manyThe prefix “poly” refers to manyb.b. Large compounds are formed by Large compounds are formed by
joining together smaller compoundsjoining together smaller compoundsc.c. Smaller units are called Smaller units are called monomersmonomersd.d. Monomers join together to form Monomers join together to form
larger larger polymerspolymers
Small monomers
may be identical or
different
Monomers are linked together
like beads on a
necklace to form the polymer
MACROMOLECULES MACROMOLECULES cont….cont….4)4) Also known as Also known as Organic MoleculesOrganic Molecules
a.a. Contain the element Contain the element carboncarbon Can bond with many elementsCan bond with many elements
Including:Including: Hydrogen, oxygen, Hydrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogenphosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen Can bond with 4 elements at onceCan bond with 4 elements at once Can form chains, rings, and complex Can form chains, rings, and complex
structuresstructures
b.b. Found in Found in living organismsliving organisms
c.c. Sometimes called “biomolecules”Sometimes called “biomolecules”
MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES
4 Types of 4 Types of MacromoleculesMacromolecules
1.1. LipidsLipids
2.2. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
3.3. ProteinsProteins
4.4. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
LipidsLipids Examples:Examples: Fats, oils, waxes & steroids Fats, oils, waxes & steroids Function:Function: Waterproof coverings of Waterproof coverings of
cells, can be used for long-term cells, can be used for long-term energy storage.energy storage.
Elements:Elements: Mostly carbon and Mostly carbon and hydrogen with some oxygen.hydrogen with some oxygen.
Monomer:Monomer: 3 fatty-acids and 1 glycerol 3 fatty-acids and 1 glycerol Polymer:Polymer: Lipids Lipids
– Unsaturated Fats:Unsaturated Fats: Liquid at room temperature Liquid at room temperature due to double bonds (bent structure)due to double bonds (bent structure)
– Saturated Fats:Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature and Solid at room temperature and no double bonds (full of hydrogen)no double bonds (full of hydrogen)
LipidsLipidsCarbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen Long
Chain Structur
e
Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Examples:Examples: Sugars & Starches Sugars & Starches Function:Function: Main source of energy in Main source of energy in
living things. Also structural purposes living things. Also structural purposes in plants.in plants.
Elements:Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, and Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (ex. Coxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (ex. C66HH1212OO66))
MonomerMonomer: Monosaccharides : Monosaccharides – Simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and Simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and
galactosegalactose PolymerPolymer: Polysaccharides (starches): Polysaccharides (starches)
– Cellulose: Plant starchCellulose: Plant starch– Glycogen: Animal StarchGlycogen: Animal Starch
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbonOxygen
Hydrogen
Ring Structur
e
Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer
ProteinsProteins ExamplesExamples: Hair, nails and enzymes: Hair, nails and enzymes Function:Function: Form muscles & bones, Form muscles & bones,
transport substances and control the transport substances and control the rate of reactions in the body.rate of reactions in the body.
Elements:Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogenand nitrogen
Monomer: Monomer: Amino AcidsAmino Acids Polymer:Polymer: Protein Protein Structure:Structure: Long chains of amino acids Long chains of amino acids
– 4 Levels of Structure4 Levels of Structure
ProteinsProteins
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Long Chain Structure
Folded Structure
Complex Folded
Structures
Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Examples:Examples: DNA & RNA DNA & RNA Function:Function: Store and transmit genetic Store and transmit genetic
informationinformation Elements:Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and phosphorusnitrogen and phosphorus Monomer:Monomer: Nucleotide Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate & (sugar, phosphate &
nitrogen base)nitrogen base)
Polymer:Polymer: Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acid Structure: Structure: Long chains of nucleotides Long chains of nucleotides
found in a twisted or folded structurefound in a twisted or folded structure
Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Ring Structur
e
Folded Structure
Smaller monomers linked to form a larger polymer
VOCABULARY RECAPVOCABULARY RECAP MacromoleculeMacromolecule
ss MonomerMonomer PolymerPolymer OrganicOrganic LipidLipid Fatty AcidFatty Acid GlycerolGlycerol Unsaturated Unsaturated
FatFat Saturated FatSaturated Fat
CarbohydrateCarbohydrate MonosaccharidMonosaccharid
ee PolysaccharidePolysaccharide CelluloseCellulose GlycogenGlycogen ProteinProtein Amino AcidAmino Acid Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid NucleotideNucleotide
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