chapters 2 & 3 macromolecules - sdoshi [licensed for non...
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Macromolecules There are four types of macromolecules.
Macromolecule: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
Function: Use for Energyand Cell Structure
1. Cell Structure
2. Can be enzymes.
3. Can be channels to bring substances into cells.
4. Can be hormones.
FatsEnergy storage SteroidsExample: CholesterolHelps maintain fluidity of membranes.PhospholipidsImportant for cell membranes and membranes of organelles.
RNA helps cells synthesize proteins. DNA is the primary storage of genetic information.
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide
Definition 1 sugar 2 sugars Many sugars
Structure
Example Glucose Sucrose • Found in table sugar
Cellulose • Found in plant cell
walls Chitin • Found in insects,
spiders, and lobsters
Protein: Amino Acid
• Proteins are made of amino acids.
• There are 20 amino acids.
• Amino acids have a carboxyl group, amino group, and side group.
• The side groups give amino acids different chemical properties.
Proteins: Peptide Bonds
• Peptide bonds join amino acids together.
• Long chains of these are called polypeptides.
Questions 1
1. What are the functions of proteins?
2. What are the 3 types of lipids?
3. What does RNA do?
4. What does DNA do?
5. What is the function of carbohydrates?
6. What are RNA and DNA?
7. Define: monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide.
8. What is chitin?
9. Where is chitin found?
10. What are the 3 groups of an amino acid?
11. Draw the structure of an amino acid.
12. What is a long chain of amino acids called?
Lipids: Steroids
• Structure: • Has 4 fused carbon rings.
• Cholesterol is the most common steroid.
• Other steroids are sex hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.
• These are produced by the sex organs and affect the body.
Lipids: Phospholipids
• Structure:• The glycerol molecule is attached to 2 fatty acid tails and 1
phosphate group.
• The phosphate head group is hydrophilic.
• The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.
• Sometimes, an additional chemical group, is attached to the phosphate, this often gives the phospholipid unique chemical properties.
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.
• A nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate, & a nitrogenous base.
• There are two classes of nucleic acids: RNA and DNA.
DNA • DNA is a double helix made of two strands.
• The two strands are connected by hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides.
• Each strand has a sugar phosphate backbone.
• The two strands of the helix are antiparallel.
DNA• DNA has 4 nitrogenous bases : adenine (A), guanine
(G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C).
• Base pairing rule:➢A pairs with T because they are complementary .
➢G pairs with C because they are complementary.
• A and T are joined together with 2 hydrogen bonds.
• G and C are joined together with 3 hydrogen bonds.
DNA
• A and G are purines, they are made of 2 rings.
• C and T are pyrimidines, they are made of 1 ring.
Questions 2
1. Draw the chemical structure of a fat.
2. Draw the chemical structure of a steroid.
3. What is the most common steroid?
4. What is the chemical structure of a phospholipid?
5. What is the base pairing rule?
6. What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?
7. How many hydrogen bonds join A and T?
8. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
9. What is the overall shape of DNA?
10. What is the backbone of a DNA made of?
11. What is a purine?
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