Chapter 2:MacromoleculesPages 39-43

Prayer

Attendance

Macromolecules There are four types of macromolecules.

Macromolecule: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

Function: Use for Energyand Cell Structure

1. Cell Structure

2. Can be enzymes.

3. Can be channels to bring substances into cells.

4. Can be hormones.

FatsEnergy storage SteroidsExample: CholesterolHelps maintain fluidity of membranes.PhospholipidsImportant for cell membranes and membranes of organelles.

RNA helps cells synthesize proteins. DNA is the primary storage of genetic information.

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide

Definition 1 sugar 2 sugars Many sugars

Structure

Example Glucose Sucrose • Found in table sugar

Cellulose • Found in plant cell

walls Chitin • Found in insects,

spiders, and lobsters

Protein: Amino Acid

• Proteins are made of amino acids.

• There are 20 amino acids.

• Amino acids have a carboxyl group, amino group, and side group.

• The side groups give amino acids different chemical properties.

Proteins: Peptide Bonds

• Peptide bonds join amino acids together.

• Long chains of these are called polypeptides.

Protein

• Polypeptide chains fold upon themselves to produce proteins.

Questions 1

1. What are the functions of proteins?

2. What are the 3 types of lipids?

3. What does RNA do?

4. What does DNA do?

5. What is the function of carbohydrates?

6. What are RNA and DNA?

7. Define: monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide.

8. What is chitin?

9. Where is chitin found?

10. What are the 3 groups of an amino acid?

11. Draw the structure of an amino acid.

12. What is a long chain of amino acids called?

Lipids: Fats

• Structure:• 3 carbon glycerol

molecule with 3 long hydrocarbon chains.

Lipids: Steroids

• Structure: • Has 4 fused carbon rings.

• Cholesterol is the most common steroid.

• Other steroids are sex hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.

• These are produced by the sex organs and affect the body.

Lipids: Phospholipids

• Structure:• The glycerol molecule is attached to 2 fatty acid tails and 1

phosphate group.

• The phosphate head group is hydrophilic.

• The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.

• Sometimes, an additional chemical group, is attached to the phosphate, this often gives the phospholipid unique chemical properties.

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.

• A nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate, & a nitrogenous base.

• There are two classes of nucleic acids: RNA and DNA.

DNA • DNA is a double helix made of two strands.

• The two strands are connected by hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides.

• Each strand has a sugar phosphate backbone.

• The two strands of the helix are antiparallel.

DNA• DNA has 4 nitrogenous bases : adenine (A), guanine

(G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C).

• Base pairing rule:➢A pairs with T because they are complementary .

➢G pairs with C because they are complementary.

• A and T are joined together with 2 hydrogen bonds.

• G and C are joined together with 3 hydrogen bonds.

DNA

• A and G are purines, they are made of 2 rings.

• C and T are pyrimidines, they are made of 1 ring.

Questions 2

1. Draw the chemical structure of a fat.

2. Draw the chemical structure of a steroid.

3. What is the most common steroid?

4. What is the chemical structure of a phospholipid?

5. What is the base pairing rule?

6. What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

7. How many hydrogen bonds join A and T?

8. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

9. What is the overall shape of DNA?

10. What is the backbone of a DNA made of?

11. What is a purine?