chapter 8 supporting your ideas copyright © allyn & bacon 2009 this multimedia product and its...
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Chapter 8Chapter 8
Supporting Your IdeasSupporting Your Ideas
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:•any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;•preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;•any rental, lease, or lending of the program
Types of Supporting MaterialTypes of Supporting Material
Facts and StatisticsFacts and StatisticsTestimonyTestimonyExamplesExamplesNarrativesNarratives
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Facts and StatisticsFacts and Statistics
Most objective type of supportMost objective type of supportCan be independently verifiedCan be independently verifiedStatistics are numerical factsStatistics are numerical factsImportant for unfamiliar topicsImportant for unfamiliar topicsImportant for controversial topicsImportant for controversial topics
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FactsFacts
Can be shown true or falseCan be shown true or false Can be compromised by adding opinionsCan be compromised by adding opinions Must usually rely on others to verifyMust usually rely on others to verify Can be influenced by cultural Can be influenced by cultural
environmentenvironment
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StatisticsStatistics Numerical factsNumerical facts
Describe sizeDescribe size Illustrate trendsIllustrate trends Make predictionsMake predictions Show relationshipsShow relationships
Round off numbers to simply show magnitudeRound off numbers to simply show magnitude Use precise figures when topic is controversialUse precise figures when topic is controversial Use care when truncating graphsUse care when truncating graphs
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StatisticsStatistics
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StatisticsStatistics
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Evaluating Facts and StatisticsEvaluating Facts and Statistics
Relevance to purposeRelevance to purpose Recency of dataRecency of data Representative of subjectRepresentative of subject From credible sourcesFrom credible sources Consistent with other reportsConsistent with other reports Free from biasFree from bias Complete informationComplete information
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Using Facts and StatisticsUsing Facts and Statistics
Check with several sources to verifyCheck with several sources to verify Seek sources with no vested interestSeek sources with no vested interest Do not distort the meaning of informationDo not distort the meaning of information Provide the latest data availableProvide the latest data available Supplement with examplesSupplement with examples Clarify with presentation aidsClarify with presentation aids
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Ways to Use Factual DataWays to Use Factual Data Definitions translate into listeners’ languageDefinitions translate into listeners’ language Explanations add more detailExplanations add more detail
Clarify ideasClarify ideas Demonstrate how something worksDemonstrate how something works
Descriptions provide word Descriptions provide word picturespictures
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TestimonyTestimony
Cites words or ideas of othersCites words or ideas of others Provides witnesses in Provides witnesses in
your behalfyour behalf
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Expert TestimonyExpert Testimony
From those qualified to speak on topicFrom those qualified to speak on topic Lets you “borrow” credibilityLets you “borrow” credibility Important with certain types of Important with certain types of
topicstopics Innovative topicsInnovative topics Unfamiliar topicsUnfamiliar topics Technical topicsTechnical topics Controversial topicsControversial topics
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Lay TestimonyLay Testimony
Voice of “the people”Voice of “the people” Adds authenticityAdds authenticity Adds compassionAdds compassion Often addresses Often addresses
consequencesconsequences
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Prestige TestimonyPrestige Testimony
Respected public figuresRespected public figures Not necessarily expert in topic areaNot necessarily expert in topic area Source of inspirationSource of inspiration
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Using TestimonyUsing Testimony
Select sources listeners respectSelect sources listeners respectQuote or paraphrase accuratelyQuote or paraphrase accuratelyPoint out qualifications of sourcePoint out qualifications of sourceUse only expert testimony to validate Use only expert testimony to validate
ideasideasUse lay testimony to build identificationUse lay testimony to build identificationUse prestige testimony to enhance ideasUse prestige testimony to enhance ideas
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ExamplesExamples Verbal illustrations for your messageVerbal illustrations for your message Clarify ideasClarify ideas Gain attentionGain attention Sustain interestSustain interest Personalize topicPersonalize topic Suggest an idea is importantSuggest an idea is important Aid intercultural understandingAid intercultural understanding
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Types of ExamplesTypes of Examples
Brief examples often mentioned as a Brief examples often mentioned as a seriesseries
Extended examples contain more detailExtended examples contain more detailFactual examples about real people or Factual examples about real people or
eventseventsHypothetical examples represent realityHypothetical examples represent reality
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Selecting an ExampleSelecting an Example Is it relevant?Is it relevant? Is it representative of reality?Is it representative of reality? Will it aid understanding?Will it aid understanding? Will it make ideas memorable?Will it make ideas memorable? Is it believable?Is it believable? Is it appropriate for my audience?Is it appropriate for my audience? Is it in good taste?Is it in good taste? Is it interesting?Is it interesting?
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NarrativesNarratives
Tell a story to illustrate an ideaTell a story to illustrate an ideaInvolve listeners in creating meaningInvolve listeners in creating meaningHelp recall past and envision futureHelp recall past and envision futureSet a mood for a speechSet a mood for a speech
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Types of NarrativesTypes of Narratives
Embedded narrativeEmbedded narrativeVicarious experience narrativeVicarious experience narrativeMaster narrativeMaster narrative
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Techniques for Using Techniques for Using Supporting MaterialsSupporting Materials
Comparison to something familiarComparison to something familiar Contrast to emphasize differencesContrast to emphasize differences AnalogyAnalogy
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Ethical Use of Supporting Ethical Use of Supporting MaterialsMaterials
Document date and source of informationDocument date and source of information Don’t pass off opinions as factsDon’t pass off opinions as facts Interpret statistics fairlyInterpret statistics fairly Avoid using biased informationAvoid using biased information Don’t quote out of contextDon’t quote out of context Use examples that reflect realityUse examples that reflect reality Inform listeners of hypothetical examplesInform listeners of hypothetical examples
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Support Controversial Ideas WithSupport Controversial Ideas With
FactsFactsStatisticsStatisticsFactual examplesFactual examplesExpert testimonyExpert testimony
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Clarify Abstract Ideas WithClarify Abstract Ideas With
ExamplesExamplesNarrativesNarrativesComparisonsComparisonsContrastsContrastsAnalogiesAnalogies
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With Technical Material UseWith Technical Material Use
FactsFactsStatisticsStatisticsExpert testimonyExpert testimony
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To Arouse Emotions UseTo Arouse Emotions Use
Lay testimonyLay testimonyPrestige testimonyPrestige testimonyExamplesExamplesNarrativesNarratives
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To Defuse Emotions UseTo Defuse Emotions Use
FactsFactsStatisticsStatisticsExpert testimonyExpert testimony
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With Novel Ideas UseWith Novel Ideas Use
ComparisonsComparisonsContrastsContrastsAnalogiesAnalogies
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Deciding What Support to UseDeciding What Support to Use
Choose Choose impressive supporting materialsimpressive supporting materialsmemorable supporting materialsmemorable supporting materialscredible supporting materials credible supporting materials supporting materials that lead to actionsupporting materials that lead to action
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