chapter 8 human population. section 1 trends in human population growth

Chapter 8

Human Population

Section 1

Trends in Human Population Growth

Revolutions

OAgricultural O10,000 yrs ago

OIndustrialOBegan in the mid-1700s

Industrial Revolution

OSanitationO No more throwing trash and waste in streetsO Washing of hands to reduce infections

OMedical TechnologyO Mass produce medical equipment and

medicines

OChanges in agricultureO Large machineryO Pesticides O fertilizers

Result of Industrial Revolution

ODecreased infant mortalityO # of babies out of 1,000 that die

during their first year of life

OIncreased life expectancyO Average # of years an individual is

expected to live

Growth rate

OHow a population changes in size during a specific period of timeO Slowed down and now declining

slowly

OEnvironmental factors will ultimately limit growth

OTechnology has allowed us to increase the carrying capacity

DemographyO Study of human population statisticsO Career option? DemographerO Study human population size,

population density, population distribution

Density

OMore people found:OTemperate and tropicalOSeacoasts and riversOCities and suburbs

Clumped Distribution

OLeads to negative impacts on environment in certain areas and on certain bodies of water

Section 2

Predicting Population Growth

Total Fertility RateO Average number of offspring a

female member of a population has during her lifetime.

O Why have multiple children?O Why not?

Replacement FertilityO Total fertility rate that would keep a

population stableO If high death rate than this allows for

a higher replacement fertility rate

Age Structure and Sex Ratio

O Helps demographers to predict how the population of a nation will change in years to come.

Demographic Transition

OExplains the change from high birthrates and death rates to a condition of low birthrates and death rates.

OFour stages:O Pre-industrial stageO Transitional stageO Industrial stageO Post-industrial stage

Demographic Transition

O Many parts of Europe, USA, Canada, and Japan all undergone this transition.

Social FactorsO Developing Nations

O Moderate or low incomeO China, Mexico, Africa, South America,

Indonesia, and eastern EuropeO High fertility rates, infant mortality

rates, and death rates and life expectancy is lower

O Higher frequency of diseases due to lack of sanitation and education about health

O 82% of the world’s population live in developing nations as of 2009!

Social FactorsO Developed Nations

O High income O U.S., Canada, western European

nations, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and some Arab states

Educating Developing Nations

O ?