chapter 28 first aid and emergencies

Chapter 28

First Aid and Emergencies

First Aid - the immediate,

temporary care given to an ill or injured person

until professional medical care can be

provided.

Lesson 1: Providing First Aid

Universal PrecautionsActions taken to prevent

the spread of disease by treating all blood and other body fluids as if they contained pathogens.Pathogen-organism that

causes disease.

Examples of universal

precautionsQuickTime™ and a

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Wearing Gloves

Washing Hands

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Protective Ventilation Device

CPR Face Shield

Responding to an Emergency

Check,Call, Care

1. Check the scene and the victim.2. Call for help.

3. Provide care for the victim.

Types of open wounds:

Abrasion - also known as a scrape

- damages outer layers of skin

- little or no bleeding

- become infected easily

- caused by scraping or rubbing

Laceration - or cut

- have jagged or smooth edges

- will have bleeding as well as damage to nerves,blood vessels, and soft tissues

- may be caused by knife, broken glass, or blunt object

Laceration

Puncture - a piercing of the skin

- caused by pin, splinter, or pointed object

- limited external bleeding

- increased possibility of internal

damage, bleeding, and infection

Avulsion - results when tissue is separated partly or completely from a person’s body

- usually occur in auto accidents and from animal bites

- severed part should be sent with person to hospital

- pack part in ice or ice water

Avulsion

First Aid for BleedingCover wound with sterile

gauze or clean cloth and press firmly.If possible, elevate wound above the level of the heart.Cover the gauze or cloth dressing with a sterile bandage.

If necessary, cover the dressing with a pressure bandage and/or use pressure point bleeding control.Call for help or have someone else do so.

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“911”

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Pressure

Point Bleeding

Control

Blood TypesType May Receive

A A, O

B B, O

AB A, B, AB, O Universal Receiver

O O Universal Donor

Rh factor - a protein found in some blood

Severe Burns:

First degree burns:

- are superficial

- involve top layer of skin

- heal in 5 to 6 days

- example: most sunburns

Second degree burns:

- involves top several layers of skin

- will have blisters and appear blotchy

- 3 to 4 weeks to heal

Third degree burns:

- the most serious burns

- destroys skin, nerves, muscles, fat, and bones

- appears black or brown

First Aid for Severe Burns

1.Ease burn with plenty of cool water

2.Place a clean dry dressing over the burned area to prevent infection

3.Raise area above the level of the heart if possible

4.Treat for shock

Do not attempt to remove clothing that is stuck to the burn or to treat burns where the skin has been burned away.

Lesson 2: CPR and First Aid for Shock and Choking

Life-Threatening EmergenciesTIME IS CRITICAL!!!!

Chain of Survival-sequence of actions that maximize the victim’s chances of survival. If victim is

adult, you begin the first two links in the chain.

1.Call 911

2. Begin CPR

3.Early defibrillation

4. transfer to advanced care

Usually responsibility of emergency medical personnelDefibrillator-

device that delivers an

electric shock to the heart to restore its normal rhythm.

CPRCardiopulmonary

resuscitation (CPR)-a life-saving first aid procedure that combines rescue breaths with chest

compressions, supply oxygen to the body until normal body functions can

resume.

CPR for Adults

ABC’sA-Airway-look inside victim’s mouth. Gently tilt the head back by

lifting the chin with one hand while pushing down on

the forehead with the other.

Figure 28.3 pg. 743

B-Breathing-Look, listen, and feel for breathing. If victim is NOT breathing normally, begin rescue

breathing.1. Keeping the victim’s

head in the proper position, pinch the

nostrils shut.2. Place your mouth over the victim’s mouth, forming

a seal. Give 2 slow breaths, each about 2

seconds long. The victim’s chest should rise with each

breath.

C-Circulation-Check for signs of circulation, such as breathing, coughing, or movement. If NO signs of circulation, a person

trained in CPR should begin chest compressions.

Adult CPR Cycles

First Aid for Shock

Shock-failure of the cardiovascular system to keep an adequate supply of blood circulating to the vital organs of the body.Life-threatening-requires

immediate medical attention.

Types of Shock*  Hemorrhagic (resulting from the loss of blood. *  Metabolic (resulting from profound fluid loss in an untreated illness). *  Cardiogenic (resulting from injury to the heart itself). *  Neurogenic (resulting from the loss of effective nervous control of blood vessels). *  Toxic or septic (resulting from the effect of toxic substances on the body). *  Respiratory (resulting from impaired breathing). *  Psychogenic (fainting).  *  Anaphylactic (a form of toxic shock that follows an overwhelming allergic reaction).

Common symptoms of shock:

Restlessness or irritability

Altered consciousness

Nausea

Pale or ashen appearanceCool, moist skin

Rapid breathing and pulse

First Aid for Shock! Phone 911

! Control any external bleeding

! Elevate legs about 12 inches, unless you suspect head or back

injury! Never give the victim

anything to eat or drink

! Reassure victim

Choking - occurs when a piece of food becomes lodged in the

trachea or windpipe.

-universal choking signal - both hands placed at the

throat

Choking

First Aid for Choking

Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrust - the application of

sudden pressure on the victim’s diaphragm so as to

expel the substance blocking the airway

1. Wrap arms around the victim’s waist. Place your hand halfway between the

lower sternum and the naval with your thumb side of your hand against their abdomen.

(conscious victim)

2. Grasp your fist with the other hand, and press into

the abdomen with quick upward thrusts until the blockage is

dislodged.** if you are by yourself

perform abdominal thrusts on yourself by leaning over the back of a chair or the edge

of a table

Choking Infant(conscious)

1. Place the infant on a downward angle over your arm.

(face down)2. Using the heel of your other hand, give five quick blows to the baby’s back between the

shoulder blades.3.Turn the infant over. Press two fingers into the middle of the baby’s sternum (chest thrust), repeat five times. 4. Alternate administering back blows and chest thrusts until

the object is dislodged.

Lesson 3 -Responding to Common Emergencies

Fracture - to break a bone

First Aid: 1. Try to keep the injured part from moving by immobilizing

it 2. Use a splint to secure the injured

part to the body 3. Seek medical help

Sprains - a condition caused by a stretching or tearing of the soft tissue bands, or ligaments, that hold bones

together at a jointFirst Aid - R.I.C.E. procedure1. R est

2. I ce

3. C ompression

4. E levation

UnconsciousnessCondition in which a person is not alert and aware of his or her surroundings. Primary goal when providing first aid to an unconscious victim is to prevent choking until profession medical help

arrives.

Fainting - temporary loss of consciousness brought on by a reduced supply of blood to

the brainFirst Aid - 1. Lay person down and elevate their

feet 8 to 12 inches 2. Loosen tight clothing 3. Open airway

4. Sponge face with water 5. Seek help if

necessary

If person vomits, quickly roll him or her

into the recovery

position.

ConcussionJarring injury to the brain that affects normal brain

function. May be NO external signs of injury.1. Have victim lie down.

2. Use first aid for bleeding.3. If unconscious-place in

recovery position. Call 911 immediately.

Animal Bites -

First Aid: 1. Wash area with soap and water 2. Cover it with a clean dressing 3. Get the person to a doctor at once

Rabies- a viral disease of the nervous system that

eventually causes madness and death

CDC Rabies Website

Bee Stings - 1. use a flat sharp-edged object to scrape the stinger away from

the skin until you pull out the venom sac2. Wash area with soap and water3. Watch for allergic reactionsObjects in the Eye- run water in the eye starting at the nose and work outward- if the object does not come out cover both eyes and seek medical attention !!!Do Not rub the eyes!!!

Nosebleeds -

1. Keep person calm and lean head forward

2. Apply direct pressure by pressing on the bleeding nostril3. Apply a cold towel to the person’s nose and face4. Place a piece of cotton or gauze between the upper lip and teeth to stop the bleeding

Lesson 4

Treatment for Poisonings

Poisoning -can occur through swallowing

or inhaling a toxic substance, through snakebite, or through contact with a poisonous plant or chemical - between 1 and 2 million poisonings occur in US each

year

-most involve children under

age 6

Signs of oral poisoning:

- sharp abdominal cramps

-extreme drowsiness followed by loss of consciousness

-vomiting

-chemical odor on the breath

-chemical burns on the lips

-open container of a poisonous substance

First Aid for Swallowing Poison1.Call poison control center- 1-800-

848-6946 2. Have the following information:

a. age and weight of victim

b. name of suspected poison

c. amount taken

d. time it was taken, if known

3. Treat for shock

Emetic- an agent that induces vomiting

SnakebitesPoisonous ones in US:

1. Rattlesnake 3. Copperhead

2. Water moccasin 4. Coral snakeFirst Aid:

1.Get victim to hospital - keep the victim as still and quiet as possible.

2. Keep the bitten area at or below the level of the heart.

3.Call EMS for instructions4. Do not put ice on bite, the venom does more damage in a cold environment.

Venom - a poisonous substance secreted by a snake or other animal

5. Maintain breathing and prevent aggravation of the wound

- move slowly and rest periodically

Poisonous snakes in

NC

Contact Poisoning

A. Plants1. Poison ivy, poison

oak, poison sumac

2. First defense - learn what they look like

3. Causes - rash, blistering, swelling, burning, itching, and possible a fever

4. First aid - remove contaminated clothing

- wash with soap and water

- use Calamine lotion for itching

-if severe, get medical helpB. Chemicals

1. Household cleaning agents and pesticides are common causes of poisoning

2. All should be stored out of reach of children

3. Direct contact with a poison usually causes a burning of the skin,

resembling a sunburn.4. First aid - remove any contaminated clothing

- flood area with water for 15 minutes

- contact poison control center

- 1-800-848-6946

Poisonous Spiders:

Black Widow:

Brown Recluse: