chapter 14 climate
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Chapter
1414 Climate
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14.1 Defining Climate (p. 376)
Climatology: study of Earths climate and
factors that affect past, present, and future
climate changes Climate: describes long-term weather
patterns of an area
Normals: standard values for a location
Temperature, precipitation, wind, etc.
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Factors That Affect Climate
14.1 Factors That Affect Climate
Latitude As latitude increases, the intensity of solar energy
decreases.
The tropical zone is between 23.5o north (the
tropic of Cancer) and 23.5o south (the tropic of
Capricorn) of the equator. The suns rays are most
intense and the temperatures are always warm. The temperate zones are between 23.5o and 66.5o
north and between 23.5o and 66.5o south of the
equator. The suns rays strike Earth at a smaller
angle than near the equator.
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Latitude, cont.
Polar zones are between 66.5o north and
south latitudes and the poles. The suns rays
strike Earth at a very small angle in the polarzones.
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Earths Major Climate Zones
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Climate Data for Two Cities
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Factors That Affect Climate
14.1 Factors That Affect Climate
Elevation
The higher the elevation is, the colder the climate.
Topography
1. Water: heats and cools more slowly than land;
coastal areas warmer than surrounding in winter
and cooler in summer (exp: Great Lakes)
2. Mountains: wind-ward side is wet and cool and
leeward side is drier and warms as it descends
(deserts are common on leeward side of
mountains) (see p. 379)
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The Rain Shadow Effect
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Factors That Affect Climate
14.1 Factors That Affect Climate
Atmospheric Circulation
Global winds are another factor that influencesclimate because they distribute heat and moisture
around Earth.
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The Kppen Climate Classification System
14.2 Climate Classification
The Kppen climate classification
system uses mean monthly and annual
values of temperature and precipitation to
classify climates.
Also takes into account the vegetation
present in each climate.
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Tropical Climates
21.2 World Climates
Year-round high temperatures
Every month in such a climate has a mean
temperature above 18oC.
The amount of precipitation can exceed 200
cm per year in tropical wet climates.
The areas north and south of the region
around the equator are known as transition
zones and have both wet and dry seasons.
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Rain Forest in Malaysia
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African Savanna-transition zone
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Climate Classification, cont.
Dry Climates: largest climatic zone (30%
land)
Continental tropical air dominates Precipitation is low and little vegetation
Deserts and semideserts (more humid
than deserts)
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Climate Classification, cont.
Mild climates: 3 categories
1. humid subtropical: SE US, muggy and
warm in summer, cooler and dry in winter
2. marine west-coast: NW US, mild winters
and cool summers, abundant precipitation
3. Mediterranean: California, warm and dry
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Climate Classification, cont.
Continental Climates: rapid and violent
weather changes due to tropical and polar
air masses meeting to form fronts.
Midwestern US
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Mid-Latitude Climates
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Mid-Latitude Climates
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Climate Classification, cont.
Polar Climates: the tundra
mean temperature is less than 10 degrees
celcius
Little precipitation because temperature does
not create enough convection currents to
release heavy precipitation
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An Ice Cap Climate Is a Polar Climate
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Microclimates (p. 385)
Microclimate: localized climate that differs
from the regions climate
Heat island: large cities with a lot of buildings
and concrete may be warmer than
surrounding area
Concrete, pavement, etc. are darker and absorb
more heat, visible light, etc.
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14.3 Climatic Changes (p. 387)
Long-term:
Ice ages: periods of extensive glacial
coverage
Average global temperature decreased by 5
degrees celcius
Most recent ice age ended 10,000 years ago when
glaciers were as far south as Indiana
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Natural Processes That Change Climates
14.3 Climate Changes
Volcanic Eruptions
The presence of volcanic aerosols (ash, dust,
and sulfur-based aerosols) in the air increases
the amount of solar radiation that is reflected
back into space. This causes Earths lower
atmosphere to cool because less heat strikes
Earths surface. Ocean Circulation
Changes in ocean circulation also can result in
short-term climate fluctuations.
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Eruption of Mount Pinatubo
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Climatic Changes, cont.
El Nino
Band of warm ocean temperatures that
develops off the western coast of S. America
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Effect ofEl Nio
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Natural Processes That Change Climates
14.3 Climate Changes
Solar Activity
When the sun is most active, it contains dark
blemishes called sunspots. The formation of
sunspots appears to correspond with warm
periods in Europe and North America.
Earth Motions
Geographic changes in Earths land and waterbodies cause changes in climate.
Changes in the shape of Earths orbit and the
tilt of Earth on its axis are other Earth motions
that affect global climates.
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Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
and Emissions
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Increases in Greenhouse Gases
and Changes in Temperature
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