chapter 13 - psychopathology - incomplete

Psychopathology

The Study of Mental Disorders

Which of the following individuals is experiencing problems to the degree that these problems are causing an impairment in functioning?A. Joe, who has a hard time getting out of bed on

Mondays, but makes it to work anywayB. Karen, who gets up an hour earlier than necessary

each day to alphabetize the items in her kitchenC. Larry, who experiences intense anxiety in social

situations, but still manages to work as a waiterD. Mike, whose drinking has progressed to the point

that his wife has left him, he's lost his job, and he is homeless

What is “Abnormal?”• Statistical Infrequency (DEVIANT)

• Personal Discomfort (DISTRESSFUL)

• Impairment (DYSFUNCTIONAL)

Which of the following individuals is experiencing problems to the degree that these problems are causing an impairment in functioning?A. Joe, who has a hard time getting out of bed on

Mondays, but makes it to work anywayB. Karen, who gets up an hour earlier than necessary

each day to alphabetize the items in her kitchenC. Larry, who experiences intense anxiety in social

situations, but still manages to work as a waiterD. Mike, whose drinking has progressed to the point

that his wife has left him, he's lost his job, and he is homeless

Which of the following factors do you think plays the largest role in causing psychological disorders?

A. Biological factorsB. Psychological factorsC. Sociocultural factorsD. Other factors

What Are Some Conceptions of Psychopathology?

• Contemporary approaches to psychopathology:

• Medical Model – DSM-5– etiology, diagnosis, treatment,

and prognosis

• Categorical vs. Dimensional approaches to diagnosis

Diathesis-Stress Model of Mental Disorders

How Are Mental Disorders Classified?

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, May 2013)

• Classifies numerous disorders into categories

• ___________: co-occurrence of more than one disorder in the same individual

Types of Disorders

• Anxiety Disorders• Substance-Related

Disorders• Mood Disorders• Schizophrenia• Personality Disorders

Anxiety DisordersDisorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Panic Disorder

Phobias

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Lifetime Prevalence

5%

1.5-3.5%

10-11.3%

2.5%

1-14%

Etiology of Anxiety DisordersBiological Factors• twin studies suggest a genetic predisposition• anxiety sensitivity (__________________________)• neurotransmitters (_________________)

Learning/Conditioning• can be acquired through _____________________• can be maintained through ___________________• __________________ may also play a role

Cognitive Factors• certain ways of thinking may make someone more

vulnerable to anxiety disorders

Mood Disorders

DisorderMajor Depressive

Disorder(Unipolar depression)

Bipolar Disorder(Manic-Depression)

Lifetime PrevalenceMen = 5-12%

Women = 10-25%

0.4-1.6%

DSM-5 Symptoms of Depression

1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day2. Diminished interest in or pleasure in activities3. Significant weight loss/gain or decrease/increase in

appetite4. Insomnia or hypersomnia5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation6. Fatigue or loss of energy7. Feelings of worthlessness or guilt8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate9. Suicidal thoughts, plans, or actions

Etiology of Mood DisordersGenetic Vulnerability• twin studies suggest a strong genetic predispositionNeurochemical Factors• norepinephrine• serotonin (SSRIs: ___________________)Cognitive Factors• depressogenic thinking

– Beck: ____________________– Seligman: _______________________

Situational Factors• Life stressors

Charlie Brown and Depressogenic Thinking

© United Feature Syndicate, Inc.

Attributional Style and Depression

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

• Symptoms of schizophrenia can be divided into two categories

1.____________________• Reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions• Include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought

and speech, disorganized motor disturbances2.____________________

• Consist of behavioral deficits• Include flat affect, alogia, and avolition

Etiology of SchizophreniaGenetic Vulnerability • Twin studiesNeurochemical Factors• dopamine• serotonin• glutamateStructural Abnormalities in the Brain• enlarged __________• smaller __________ with less metabolic activityNeurodevelopmental Hypothesis• disruptions in normal maturational processes of the

brain before or at birth

Genetics and Schizophrenia

Enlarged Ventricles in Schizophrenia

Substance Abuse vs. Dependence

Substance Abuse = significant negative consequences related to substance use

• work, school, home• use in physically hazardous situations• legal problems• continued use despite social/interpersonal

problems caused or exacerbated by use

Substance Dependence Symptoms

• Tolerance• withdrawal• larger amounts/longer period than intended• unsuccessful efforts to cut down• great deal of time obtaining, using, or recovering from

substance• giving up or reducing important activities• continued use despite knowledge of physical or

psychological problems caused or exacerbated by use

DSM-5 Diagnostic Changes

• DSM-5 basically combines the DSM-IV-TR symptom lists for substance abuse and substance dependence into one list

• Only two changes have been made:1. Recurrent legal problems criterion deleted2. Added “craving or a strong desire or urge to

use a substance”• Threshold for substance use disorder

diagnosis is now two or more criteria

Substance Use Disorders

Substance PrevalenceDepressants/Sedatives 1.2%

Alcohol 14.0%Opiates 0.7%

Stimulants 1.7%Cocaine 0.2%

Hallucinogens 0.4%Marijuana 4.4%

Miley, a third-grade teacher, frequently suffers from dizziness, heart palpitations, muscular tension, and fatigue. She is also continually agitated and unable to relax outside the classroom, but she cannot pinpoint a reason for her problems. Her behavior is most indicative of a(n):

A. Post-traumatic stress disorder.B. Phobia.C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder.D. Generalized anxiety disorder.

After several weeks of feeling apathetic and dissatisfied with his life, Mark has suddenly become extremely cheerful and so talkative he can't be interrupted. He seems to need less sleep and becomes irritated when his friends tell him to slow down. Mark's behavior is indicative of:

A. a severe form of depression.B. OCD.C. agoraphobia.D. bipolar disorder.

Schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by:A. disorganized and fragmented thinking.B. a lack of guilt feelings.C. alternating between extreme

hopelessness and unrealistic optimism.D. periodic intervals of uncontrollable

violence.

If you THINK that there are aliens in your attic, it's a(n) __________; if you SEE them, it's a(n) _____________.

A. delusion; hallucinationB. hallucination; delusionC. hallucination; hallucinationD. delusion; delusion

Childhood Disorders

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)• prevalence in school-age children = 3-7%• male:female ratio of 4:1 to 9:1• 3 essential features

– ______________– ______________– ______________

Childhood Disorders

Autism Spectrum Disorder• New category in DSM-5• prevalence = ?• onset prior to age 3• impairments in two domains

– ___________________ (verbal and nonverbal) and social interaction (unaware of others)

– Restricted and repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities

Which of the following disorders did you find MOST interesting to learn something about?

A. PhobiasB. Panic disorderC. OCDD. Major depressive disorderE. Bipolar disorderF. SchizophreniaG. Substance use disordersH. Childhood disorders