chapter 13 - psychopathology - incomplete
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Psychopathology
The Study of Mental Disorders
Which of the following individuals is experiencing problems to the degree that these problems are causing an impairment in functioning?A. Joe, who has a hard time getting out of bed on
Mondays, but makes it to work anywayB. Karen, who gets up an hour earlier than necessary
each day to alphabetize the items in her kitchenC. Larry, who experiences intense anxiety in social
situations, but still manages to work as a waiterD. Mike, whose drinking has progressed to the point
that his wife has left him, he's lost his job, and he is homeless
What is “Abnormal?”• Statistical Infrequency (DEVIANT)
• Personal Discomfort (DISTRESSFUL)
• Impairment (DYSFUNCTIONAL)
Which of the following individuals is experiencing problems to the degree that these problems are causing an impairment in functioning?A. Joe, who has a hard time getting out of bed on
Mondays, but makes it to work anywayB. Karen, who gets up an hour earlier than necessary
each day to alphabetize the items in her kitchenC. Larry, who experiences intense anxiety in social
situations, but still manages to work as a waiterD. Mike, whose drinking has progressed to the point
that his wife has left him, he's lost his job, and he is homeless
Which of the following factors do you think plays the largest role in causing psychological disorders?
A. Biological factorsB. Psychological factorsC. Sociocultural factorsD. Other factors
What Are Some Conceptions of Psychopathology?
• Contemporary approaches to psychopathology:
• Medical Model – DSM-5– etiology, diagnosis, treatment,
and prognosis
• Categorical vs. Dimensional approaches to diagnosis
Diathesis-Stress Model of Mental Disorders
How Are Mental Disorders Classified?
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, May 2013)
• Classifies numerous disorders into categories
• ___________: co-occurrence of more than one disorder in the same individual
Types of Disorders
• Anxiety Disorders• Substance-Related
Disorders• Mood Disorders• Schizophrenia• Personality Disorders
Anxiety DisordersDisorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobias
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Lifetime Prevalence
5%
1.5-3.5%
10-11.3%
2.5%
1-14%
Etiology of Anxiety DisordersBiological Factors• twin studies suggest a genetic predisposition• anxiety sensitivity (__________________________)• neurotransmitters (_________________)
Learning/Conditioning• can be acquired through _____________________• can be maintained through ___________________• __________________ may also play a role
Cognitive Factors• certain ways of thinking may make someone more
vulnerable to anxiety disorders
Mood Disorders
DisorderMajor Depressive
Disorder(Unipolar depression)
Bipolar Disorder(Manic-Depression)
Lifetime PrevalenceMen = 5-12%
Women = 10-25%
0.4-1.6%
DSM-5 Symptoms of Depression
1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day2. Diminished interest in or pleasure in activities3. Significant weight loss/gain or decrease/increase in
appetite4. Insomnia or hypersomnia5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation6. Fatigue or loss of energy7. Feelings of worthlessness or guilt8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate9. Suicidal thoughts, plans, or actions
Etiology of Mood DisordersGenetic Vulnerability• twin studies suggest a strong genetic predispositionNeurochemical Factors• norepinephrine• serotonin (SSRIs: ___________________)Cognitive Factors• depressogenic thinking
– Beck: ____________________– Seligman: _______________________
Situational Factors• Life stressors
Charlie Brown and Depressogenic Thinking
© United Feature Syndicate, Inc.
Attributional Style and Depression
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
• Symptoms of schizophrenia can be divided into two categories
1.____________________• Reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions• Include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought
and speech, disorganized motor disturbances2.____________________
• Consist of behavioral deficits• Include flat affect, alogia, and avolition
Etiology of SchizophreniaGenetic Vulnerability • Twin studiesNeurochemical Factors• dopamine• serotonin• glutamateStructural Abnormalities in the Brain• enlarged __________• smaller __________ with less metabolic activityNeurodevelopmental Hypothesis• disruptions in normal maturational processes of the
brain before or at birth
Genetics and Schizophrenia
Enlarged Ventricles in Schizophrenia
Substance Abuse vs. Dependence
Substance Abuse = significant negative consequences related to substance use
• work, school, home• use in physically hazardous situations• legal problems• continued use despite social/interpersonal
problems caused or exacerbated by use
Substance Dependence Symptoms
• Tolerance• withdrawal• larger amounts/longer period than intended• unsuccessful efforts to cut down• great deal of time obtaining, using, or recovering from
substance• giving up or reducing important activities• continued use despite knowledge of physical or
psychological problems caused or exacerbated by use
DSM-5 Diagnostic Changes
• DSM-5 basically combines the DSM-IV-TR symptom lists for substance abuse and substance dependence into one list
• Only two changes have been made:1. Recurrent legal problems criterion deleted2. Added “craving or a strong desire or urge to
use a substance”• Threshold for substance use disorder
diagnosis is now two or more criteria
Substance Use Disorders
Substance PrevalenceDepressants/Sedatives 1.2%
Alcohol 14.0%Opiates 0.7%
Stimulants 1.7%Cocaine 0.2%
Hallucinogens 0.4%Marijuana 4.4%
Miley, a third-grade teacher, frequently suffers from dizziness, heart palpitations, muscular tension, and fatigue. She is also continually agitated and unable to relax outside the classroom, but she cannot pinpoint a reason for her problems. Her behavior is most indicative of a(n):
A. Post-traumatic stress disorder.B. Phobia.C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder.D. Generalized anxiety disorder.
After several weeks of feeling apathetic and dissatisfied with his life, Mark has suddenly become extremely cheerful and so talkative he can't be interrupted. He seems to need less sleep and becomes irritated when his friends tell him to slow down. Mark's behavior is indicative of:
A. a severe form of depression.B. OCD.C. agoraphobia.D. bipolar disorder.
Schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by:A. disorganized and fragmented thinking.B. a lack of guilt feelings.C. alternating between extreme
hopelessness and unrealistic optimism.D. periodic intervals of uncontrollable
violence.
If you THINK that there are aliens in your attic, it's a(n) __________; if you SEE them, it's a(n) _____________.
A. delusion; hallucinationB. hallucination; delusionC. hallucination; hallucinationD. delusion; delusion
Childhood Disorders
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)• prevalence in school-age children = 3-7%• male:female ratio of 4:1 to 9:1• 3 essential features
– ______________– ______________– ______________
Childhood Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder• New category in DSM-5• prevalence = ?• onset prior to age 3• impairments in two domains
– ___________________ (verbal and nonverbal) and social interaction (unaware of others)
– Restricted and repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities
Which of the following disorders did you find MOST interesting to learn something about?
A. PhobiasB. Panic disorderC. OCDD. Major depressive disorderE. Bipolar disorderF. SchizophreniaG. Substance use disordersH. Childhood disorders