chapter 1: overview of the body. outline a.introduction to anatomy & physiology b.human body...

Chapter 1: Overview of the Body

Outline

A.Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

B.Human Body Orientation

C. Body Positions

D. Movement

E. Body Regions

Anatomy (morphology): “cutting up”; the structural make-up of an organism

Physiology:

The functions of an organism

A. Introduction

Fine or Microscopic Anatomy:

examines microscopic features of the body (cells / tissues)

Gross Anatomy: examines features of the body visible to the naked eye (systems / organs)

Pathology: study of human diseases

When the body is in Anatomical Position it is:

1) in an erect posture,

2) with arms at the sides,

3) palms & feet facing forward.

B. Human Body

Orientation

Directional orientation refers to the view one has of a person

Directional planes describe different ways a body can be viewed & divided

Superior:• toward the

head

Inferior:• toward the

feet

Ex. Lungs are superior to the diaphragm.

Directional Orientation

Medial: toward the

midline

Lateral: away from

the midline

Ex. Big toe is medial to the little toe.

Directional Orientation

Proximal : close to an

attachment point

Distal: far from an

attachment point

Ex. Elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Directional Orientation

Superficial: towards the

surfaceDeep away from the surface

Deep: away from the surface

Ex. Skin is superficial to muscles.

Directional Orientation

Directional OrientationAnterior: (Ventral)

• front view

Posterior:(Dorsal)

• back view

Ex. Chest is anterior to shoulder blades

Sagittal Plane:• lengthwise planes

dividing the body into right & left sections

Midsagittal Plane:• divides the body into

equal halves

Directional Planes

Directional Planes

Coronal Plane:• anterior & posterior

sections referring to head region

Frontal Plane:• divides the body

vertically into anterior & posterior sections

Transverse Plane:• divides the body

horizontally into upper & lower sections

Directional Planes

Concept Check 1 1. Define anatomy.

2. What is the difference between the study of fine anatomy and gross anatomy?

3. Distinguish the difference between the terms physiology and pathology?

Concept Check 2 1. Distinguish between the terms lateral and medial.

2. What is the difference between the terms inferior and distal?

3. What are alternate terms for anterior and posterior?

1. What is the difference between a sagittal plane and midsagittal plane?

2. Define the term frontal plane?

3. What does transverse plane mean?

Concept Check 3

SUPINE:body is lying face up

PRONE:PRONE:

body is lying facebody is lying face

downdown

C. Body postions

LithotomyLithotomy::

legs are placed on supportslegs are placed on supports

that hold the ankles and spread out the legsthat hold the ankles and spread out the legs

D. Movement

• Antagonistic: opposing movements

Flexion Extension

Abduction Adduction

Inversion Eversion

E. Body Regions and Cavities

• Body regions are divided into general locations, abdominopelvic regions, and quadrants

Bilateral: – body parts located laterally on both sides of the body

Unilateral: – single body part found in a lateral location

• The human body is naturally divided into internal cavities

Dorsalcavity

Ventral cavity

Ventral Body Cavity

1. Thoracic cavity: – esophagus, heart, lungs, respiratory tree

Pericardial cavity: encases heart

Pleural cavities: encase the lungs

Cutting Edge Research:Smoking and the Thoracic Cavity

Pneumothorax – condition in which one or both lungs collapse

Spontaneous pneumothorax – occurs in the absence of injury to the chest or lungs;

• 7X more likely to occur in males than female• male smokers are 20X more likely to develop SP than male nonsmokers• female smokers are 9X more likely to develop SP than female nonsmokers

2. Abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal and pelvic regions

Abdominal : liver, gallbladder, intestines, kidneys, spleen, stomach

Pelvic: rectum, reproductve system, urinary bladder

Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants

Dorsal Body Cavity

1. Cranial cavity: brain

1. Spinal cavity: spinal cord

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP15405

Online Review Game of Terms

Concept Check 41. Define the term antagonistic in relation to body movement.

2. Distinguish between the terms flexion and extension.

3. Name and describe the antagonistic movements for flexion, abduction, and eversion.

Concept Check 5

1. Define the abdominopelvic region.

2. What is the name of the center-most section of the abdominopelvic region?

3. How does the quadrant system differ from the abdominopelvic sections.

Concept Check 61. What structures are found in the abdominopelvic cavity?

2. Distinguish between the thoracic cavity and the spinal cavity.

3. What are the sections of the spinal cavity?

Case Study Investigation #1: Conclusion

What region did the knife enter? How do you know?

What organs can be found in this region? Why might it be dangerous if these organs are punctured?

Why do you think the patient is having trouble breathing? Is there a name for this condition?