chapter 1 - foundations of health

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Foundations of Personal Health

Chapter One

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Foundations of Personal Health

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"Be more concerned with your character than with your reputation. Your character is what

you really are, while your reputation is merely what others think you are."

Dale Carnegie

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Learning Outcomes

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Be able to explain modern concept of health, define health, and identify the different dimensions of health.

Have developed a level of health

literacy.Understand the relative risk factors

involved with certain

behaviors. Explain the prospects of a healthy

America for the 21st century.

Identify the different Health Behavior models and theories.

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Foundations of Personal Health (overview)

• Modern Concept of Health• Definition of Health• Dimensions of Health• Diversity and Health

• Health Literacy• Self-Directed Learning• Effective Communication• Critical Thinking

• Concept of Risk• Risk Perception• Relative Risk

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Foundations of Personal Health (overview)

• Advances in Public Health• Advances over the Past Century• Healthy People 2020• Prospects for the 21st Century

• Understanding Health Behaviors• Social Cognitive Theory• Health Belief Model• Stages of Change Model

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Modern Concept of Health

• Definitions of health• A state of complete mental, physical, and social

well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmary.

• A dynamic human condition with multiple intertwined dimensions.

• Quality of life (an overall sense of well-being and enjoyment of life).

• World Health Organization: a state of optimal functioning.

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Modern Concept of Health

Quick WriteEveryone will need a pen and something to write on!

You have 1 minute to list 6 Dimensions of Health

ANSWER

Physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and environmental.

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Modern Concept of Health • Dimensions of Health

• Physical Health (the functional operation and soundness of the body)

• Emotional Health (the ability to deal with feelings, to cope with stress, and to live independently)

• Social Health (the ability to interact with others)

• Intellectual Health (to question, to think, and to learn from life's experiences)

• Spiritual Health (a commitment to a set of values and principles that guide our actions)

• Environmental Health (state of the environment, and the conditions in which we live)

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Modern Concept of Health • Diversity and Health

• Just over 1/3 of the population reported race-ethnicity as other than non-Hispanic White, 29% growth over decade

• Hispanic, African American and Asian population now comprise 16, 13 & 5 percent respectively of the total population

• Texas joined 3 states and DC in having a “majority-minority” population where more than 50% of the population is a minority group

• 57% of college students are women and over 60% of adult women are in the workforce.

• The population of young adults (ages 25-34) never married (46%), is now higher than the proportion married (45%)

• Immigration to the US, over the past decade, was at an all time high, averaging over 1 million per year

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Health Literacy

You have 1 minute to explain, in your own words, what health literacy means to you…

POSSIBLE ANSWER

The ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed

to make appropriate health decisions

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Quick Write

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Health Literacy

• Self-Directed Learning• The learner controls the learning objectives and

the means of learning• Adult learning is mostly self-directed• The Internet as a source for self-directed

learning• Internal screening

• “.org” (non-profit organization)• “.gov” (federal government)• “.edu” (college/university)• “.com” (commercial business)

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Health Literacy

• Effective Communication• Written communications• Oral communications

• "A good listener is not only popular everywhere, but after a while he knows something." – Wilson Mizner 

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Health Literacy

• Critical Thinking• A set of skills to process and generate

information and beliefs.• A habit based on intellectual commitment of

using those skills to guide behavior.• A process that stresses attitude,

incorporates logical inquiry and problem solving, and leads to an evaluative decision. • Critical thinking serves us in all endeavors and

should be a lifelong pursuit…

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Concept of Risk• Health risks/risk factors

• Any factor which increases susceptibility or has an association with the occurrence, onset, or progression of a disease or injury.

• The concept that relates specific health-compromising factors to increased likelihood of developing disease or higher death rates.

• Epidemiology• The scientific discipline of studying the

occurrence, distribution, control and prevention of disease, infection, injury and other health related events in a defined human population.

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Concept of Risk

• Risk Perception: • What’s safe

• Risks that are natural • Chosen risks• Risks that come from people or

organizations that are trusted• What’s risky

• Man-made risks• Imposed risks• Risks that come from a source we don’t

trust

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Concept of Risk

• Relative Risk• A measure of comparative risk of a health-

related event between two groups.• The chance that a person receiving an

exposure will develop a condition, compared to the chance that a non-exposed person will develop the same condition.

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What Have We Learned?

Fill in the blanks to the following questions…

_______________: a commitment to a set of values and principles that guide our actions. One of the dimensions of health.

_______________: the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.

_______________: The learner controls the learning objectives and the means of learning.

_______________: The scientific discipline of studying the occurrence, distribution, control and prevention of disease.

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Fill in the blanks to the following questions…

Spiritual Health: a commitment to a set of values and principles that guide our actions.

Health literacy: the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.

Self-Directed Learning: The learner controls the learning objectives and the means of learning.

Epidemiology: The scientific discipline of studying the occurrence, distribution, control, and prevention of disease.

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What Have We Learned?

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Advances in Public Health• Advances Over the Past Century

• Clean water• Improved sanitation• Development of vaccines and antibiotics• Safer and healthier foods• Greater access to health care services• Technologic improvements in health care• Safety in the workplace• Motor vehicle safety

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Advances in Public Health• Advances Over the Past Century

• Infectious disease has been controlled with public health advances.• Infectious disease: a medical condition typically

resulting from a disease-causing organism (viral, bacterial)

• Chronic disease / lifestyle disease • a medical condition that is permanent and leaves

a residual disability • Three leading causes of death in the U.S.

• Heart disease• Cancer• Stroke

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Leading Causes of Actual Causes of Death Death the in the U.S. in the U.S.

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Advances in Public Health

• Healthy People 2020• Identifies the most significant and

preventable threats to public health and sets specific goals to reduce those risks.

• Four overarching goals

• Twelve leading health indicators

• Forty-two topic areas

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Advances in Public Health

• Prospects for the 21st Century• Ability to screen for genetically-based disease /

intervention greatly expanded• Non-invasive medical imaging• Reducing health disparities among groups

• Economics• Education• Culture

• Melding of molecular biology, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology will strengthen drug discovery and delivery

• Advances in biomedical engineering• Tissue and organ replacement• Improve transplantation process

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Understanding Health Behaviors

Knowledge by itself does not ensure positive decision making.

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Research studies during the last three decades have convincingly documented the benefits of physical activity and healthy lifestyles.

However, most people are still unable to implement or adhere to a healthy lifestyle program.

Understanding Health Behaviors

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Studies have shown that over 60% of adults who start an exercise program quit within the first month.

For Example:

According to the US Surgeon General, at least 60% of adult Americans do not get the recommended amount of physical activity.

Over 65 million Americans meet the criteria for obesity.

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Most Behaviors are a Product of our Environment

This environment includes family, friends, peers, home, school, work, our communities, and culture in general.

When it comes to fitness and wellness, we live in a “toxic” environment. - modern conveniences - increases in fast food options and portion sizes

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Energy Intake vs. Energy Expenditure

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Understanding Health Behaviors

• Health Behavior Theories• A conceptual framework of key factors or

variables hypothesized to influence health behavior.

• Established theories:• Are logical• Are supported by evidence• Underpin behavior change plans and strategies

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Understanding Health Behaviors

• Social Cognitive Theory• Based on the concept that

behavior is dynamic.• Interaction among the

individual, the environment, and specific behaviors are subtle and complex.

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Understanding Health Behaviors

• Health Belief Model• Five factors are

involved in influencing behavior.• Susceptibility• Consequences• Course of action• Benefit of taking action• Confidence and follow

through

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Understanding Health Behaviors

Health Belief Model

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Understanding Health Behaviors

• Prochaska & DiClemente’s Stages of Change Model• Pre-contemplation• Contemplation• Preparation• Action• Maintenance

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Barriers to Change:Procrastination

Cultural Expectations or Beliefs

Gratification- Short term vs. Long Term

Risk Complacency - Wait until a problem occurs to deal with it

Complexity

Indifference/Helplessness

Rationalization – “it’s really not that bad”

Invincibility - “unhealthy behaviors won’t harm me”

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To Modify a Behavior, First Think About . . .

Personal Attitudes toward the Behavior

Patterns which influence the Behavior

Is this a Learned Behavior that has been reinforced over time (How?)

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The Behavior Change Plan of Action

Monitor behavior and gather dataAnalyze data and identify patternsSet specific goalsDevise a strategy

• modify your environment• reward yourself• involve friends and family

Make a personal contract

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Final Considerations:

• Overdoing it leads to burnout and failure.

• Identify one target behavior that you want to change and work on it systematically.

• Use a variety of strategies to make your plan work.

Don’t try to change everything at once!!!