chapter 1
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Chapter 1Chapter 1
New World BeginningsNew World Beginnings
Peopling the AmericasPeopling the Americas
Many different theoriesMany different theories– Land BridgeLand Bridge– Kayaks/boats, walking etc.Kayaks/boats, walking etc.
Massive diversity by 1492 Massive diversity by 1492 (Columbian encounter)(Columbian encounter)
Agriculture (some areas)= Agriculture (some areas)= population/ civilization growthpopulation/ civilization growth nation-statesnation-states
The origins of the first Americans remain something of a mystery. According to the most plausible theory of how the Americas were populated, for some 25,000 years people crossed the Bering land bridge from Eurasia to North America. Gradually they dispersed southward down ice-free valleys, populating both the American continents.
The European WorldThe European World
Crusades opens west to goodsCrusades opens west to goods Muslim middlemen, expensiveMuslim middlemen, expensive Marco Polo- ChinaMarco Polo- China 1450 invention of the 1450 invention of the caravel caravel – –
importance?importance? New trade posts- slaves (Portuguese)New trade posts- slaves (Portuguese) New nation-state of SpainNew nation-state of Spain
Goods on the early routes passed through so many hands along the way that their ultimate source remained mysterious to Europeans.
The European WorldThe European World
Time was right for Columbus- perfect Time was right for Columbus- perfect conditionsconditions
October 12, 1492 reached Bahamas October 12, 1492 reached Bahamas (Arawaks)(Arawaks)
Lasting effects- interdependent Lasting effects- interdependent economic systemseconomic systems
InterdependenceInterdependence
EUROPE= markets, capital, technologyEUROPE= markets, capital, technology
AFRICA= slave laborAFRICA= slave labor
AMERICAS= raw materials, foodstuffAMERICAS= raw materials, foodstuff
The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange Columbus’s discovery initiated the kind of explosion in international commerce that a later age
would call “globalization.”
When Worlds CollideWhen Worlds Collide
Foodstuffs= population explosionFoodstuffs= population explosion European crops/animalsEuropean crops/animals Sugar RevolutionSugar Revolution in Caribbean in Caribbean Europeans= disease and epidemicEuropeans= disease and epidemic
– up to 90% death rateup to 90% death rate effect? effect?
Spanish ConquistadoresSpanish Conquistadores
Treaty of Tordesillas- Treaty of Tordesillas- Spanish/Portuguese “claim”Spanish/Portuguese “claim”
““God, gold, glory” (not necessarily in God, gold, glory” (not necessarily in that order)that order)
Precious metal increase in Old World Precious metal increase in Old World (outcome on economic system)(outcome on economic system)
Encomienda SystemEncomienda System
Mexican ConquestMexican Conquest
1519 Hernando Cortes left for Mexico1519 Hernando Cortes left for Mexico Local tribe unrest (Aztec tribute Local tribe unrest (Aztec tribute
system)system) Cortes= Quetzalcoatl?Cortes= Quetzalcoatl? TenochtitlanTenochtitlan Noche triste (June 30, 1520)Noche triste (June 30, 1520) Rapid fall of Aztec empire by small Rapid fall of Aztec empire by small
group of Spaniards (why?)group of Spaniards (why?) Assimilation/syncretismAssimilation/syncretism
Artists’ Rendering of Artists’ Rendering of TenochtitlánTenochtitlánAmid tribal strife in the fourteenth century, the Aztecs built a capital on a small island in a lake in the central Valley of Mexico. From here they oversaw the most powerful empire yet to arise in Mesoamerica. Two main temples stood at the city’s sacred center, one dedicated to Tlaloc, the ancient rain god, and the other to Huitzilopochtli, the tribal god, who was believed to require human hearts for sustenance.
Spanish AmericaSpanish America
Spanish replace Aztec/Incans Spanish replace Aztec/Incans (Mexico, Peru)(Mexico, Peru) silver producing silver producing
Subjugation of native populationSubjugation of native population St. Augustine founded 1565St. Augustine founded 1565 Conversion to ChristianityConversion to Christianity Pope’s Pope’s
Revolt 1680Revolt 1680
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