chap013 mis

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Chapter

13

Computer Hardware

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Learning Objectives

Identify the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe computer systems.

Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage.

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Learning Objectives (continued)

Identify the components and functions of a computer system.

Identify the computer system and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice.

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Section I

Computer Systems: End User and Enterprise Computing

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Types of Computer Systems

All computers are systems of input, processing, output, storage, and control components.

Three basic categoriesMainframeMidrange computersMicrocomputers

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Types of Computer Systems (continued)

MainframeEnterprise systemsSuperserversTransaction processorsSupercomputers

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Types of Computer Systems (continued)

MidrangeNetwork serversMinicomputersWeb serversMulti-user systems

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Types of Computer Systems (continued)

MicrocomputersPersonal computersNetwork computersTechnical workstationsPDAsInformation appliances

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Microcomputer Systems

The most important category of computersDesktopLaptop

Workstation computers

Network servers

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Microcomputer Systems (continued)

Selection criteriaSolid performance at a reasonable price

Operating system ready

Connectivity

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Microcomputer Systems (continued)

Network computersDesigned primarily for use with the Internet

and corporate intranets For specialized or limited computing

applicationsLower cost of purchase, upgrades,

maintenance, and support

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Microcomputer Systems (continued)

Network computers (continued)Other benefits

Ease of software distribution and licensingComputing platform standardizationReduced end user requirementsImproved manageability

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Microcomputer Systems (continued)

Information appliancesPDAs

Set-top boxes and video-game consoles

Wireless PDAs

Cellular and PCS phones

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Microcomputer Systems (continued)

Computer terminalsDumb terminals

Intelligent terminals

Network terminals

Transaction terminals

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Midrange Computer Systems

Multi-user systems that can manage networks of PCs and terminals

Less costly to buy, operate, and maintain than mainframes

Popular as network servers

Minicomputers

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Mainframe Computer Systems

Large, fast, powerful

Handle high transaction processing volumes or complex computational problems

Superservers for large client/server networks and high-volume Internet websites

Popular for data mining and warehousing

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Mainframe Computer Systems (continued)

SupercomputersExtremely powerful systems specifically

designed for scientific, engineering, and business applications requiring extremely high speeds for massive numeric computations

Use parallel processing architecturesProcess at speeds measured in gigaflops and

teraflops

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The Computer System Concept

Computers are organized according to the following system functions:Input

KeyboardsTouch screensPensElectronic miceOptical scannersConvert data into electronic form

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The Computer System Concept (continued)

ProcessingCentral Processing Unit (CPU)

Two subunitsArithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)Control Unit

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The Computer System Concept (continued)

OutputVideo display unitsPrintersAudio response units

Convert electronic information into human-intelligible form

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The Computer System Concept (continued)

StorageStore data and software instructionsMay also include cache memoryPrimary storage unit (hard drive)Secondary storage

Magnetic disksOptical disk drives

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The Computer System Concept (continued)

ControlThe registers and other circuits of the

control unit interpret software instructions and transmit directions to the other components of the computer system

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The Computer System Concept (continued)

Computer processing speedsMilliseconds (thousandths of a second)Microseconds (millionths of a second)Nanoseconds (billionths of a second)Picoseconds (trillionths of a second)

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The Computer System Concept (continued)

Clock speedsMegahertz (MHz)

Millions of cycles per secondGigahertz (GHz)

Billions of cycles per second

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Section II

Computer Peripherals: Input, Output, and Storage Technologies

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Peripherals

Generic name given to all input, output, and secondary storage devices

Depend on direct connections or telecommunications links to the CPU

All peripherals are online devices

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Input Technologies

Natural user interfaceEnter data and commands directly into a

computerElectronic mice and touch padsOptical scanning, handwriting recognition,

voice recognition

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Pointing Devices

Used for entering data and textWork with your operating system’s graphical

user interface (GUI)

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Pointing Devices (continued)

Electronic mouseTrackballPointing stickTouch padTouch screen

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Pen-Based Computing

Used in many hand-held computers and PDAsDigitizer penGraphics tablet

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Speech Recognition Systems

Digitize, analyze, and classify your speech and its sound patterns

Allow operators to perform data entry without using their hands to key in data or instructions

Speaker-independentVoice-messaging computers

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Optical Scanning

Read text or graphics and convert them into digital input

Employ photoelectric devices to scan the characters being read

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Optical Scanning (continued)

Optical character recognition (OCR)Reads OCR characters & codes

Merchandise tagsProduct labelsSort mail, score tests

Hand-held optical scanning wandsReads bar codingUniversal Product Code (UPC)

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Other Input Technologies

Magnetic stripe technologyCredit cards

Smart cardsEmbedded microprocessor chip

Debit, credit, and other cards

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Other Input Technologies (continued)

Digital camerasStill camerasDigital camcorders

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Other Input Technologies (continued)

Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) technologyUsed by banks to sort and post checks and

deposit slips14 characters of a standardized designReader-sorters

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Output Technologies

VideoPrintStorage

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Video Output

Video monitors Cathode ray tube (CRT)Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)

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Printed Output

InkjetSpray ink onto the page one line at a time

Laser Use an electrostatic process similar to a

copier

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Storage Trade-Offs

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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

Computer storage fundamentalsInformation is stored through the presence

or absence of electronic or magnetic signalsBinary representation

1 = ON0 = OFF

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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

Computer storage fundamentals (continued)Bit

The smallest element of dataMay have a value of either one or zero

ByteBasic grouping of bitsTypically, a byte consists of 8 bits and

represents one character of data

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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

Computer storage fundamentals (continued)Storage capacities

Kilobytes (KB)1,000 bytes

Megabytes (MB)1 million bytes

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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

Computer storage fundamentals (continued)Gigabytes (GB)

1 billion bytesTerabytes (TB)

1 trillion bytesPetabyte (PB)

1 quadrillion bytes

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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

Direct and sequential accessTerms direct access and random access describe

the same conceptAn element of data or instructions can be directly

stored and retrieved by selecting and using any of the locations on the storage mediaEach storage position

Has a unique addressCan be individually accessed in approximately

the same time

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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

Direct and sequential access (continued)Sequential access

Does not have unique storage addressesSerial processData are recorded one after another in a

predetermined sequence.Locating an individual item requires

searching all of the data until the desired item is located

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Storage Trade-Offs (continued)

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Semiconductor Memory

Primary storage of your computerAdvantages

Small sizeGreat speedShock and temperature resistant

DisadvantageVolatility

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Semiconductor Memory (continued)

Two basic types of semiconductor memory

RAM – random access memoryVolatile memoryRead/write memory“working” memory

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Semiconductor Memory (continued)

ROM – read only memoryNonvolatileUsed for permanent storageCan be read but not erased or overwritten

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Semiconductor Memory (continued)

Variations of ROMPROM

Programmable read only memoryEPROM

Erasable programmable read only memory

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Magnetic Disk Storage

Most common form of secondary storageData is recorded on tracks in the form of tiny

magnetized spotsThousands of bytes recorded on each track

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Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)

Types of Magnetic DisksFloppy disks

Zip disks

Hard disk drives

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Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)

Redundant arrays of independent disks (RAID)Provides large capacities with high access speedsData are accessed in parallel over multiple paths

from many disksFault tolerantStorage area networks (SANs)

Fiber channel LANs that connect many RAID units

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Magnetic Tape Storage

Used as secondary storageAlso used in robotic automated drive

assembliesLower-cost storageArchival storage

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Optical Disk Storage

CD-ROMCD-RCD-RW

DVDDVD-ROMDVD-RAM

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Optical Disk Storage (continued)

Business applicationsImage processingProvide access to reference materials in a

convenient, compact formvideos

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Discussion Questions

Do you agree with the statement: “The network is the computer”?

What trends are occurring in the development and use of the major types of computer systems?

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Discussion Questions (continued)

Do you think that network computers (NCs) will replace personal computers (PCs) in business applications?

Are networks of PCs and servers making mainframe computers obsolete?

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Discussion Questions (continued)

What trends are occurring in the development and use of peripheral devices? Why are those trends occurring?

When would you recommend the use of each of the following:Network computersNetPCsNetwork terminalsInformation appliances in business applications

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Discussion Questions (continued)

What processor, memory, magnetic disk storage, and video display capabilities would you require for a personal computer that you would use for business purposes?

What other peripheral devices and capabilities would you want to have for your business PC?

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Real World Case 1 – City of Richmond & Tim Beaty Builders

The Business Value of PDAs

What are the business benefits of PDAs for business applications?

What are the limitations of PDAs for business use?

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Real World Case 1 (continued)

The City of Richmond now wants to use tablet PCs for some applications. What are the advantages of tablet PCs over PDAs and laptop PCs for business applications?

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Real World Case 1 (continued)

Will the convergence of PDAs, sub-notebook PCs, and cell phones produce an information appliance that will make all of those categories obsolete?

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Real World Case 2 – United Technologies & Eastman Kodak

The Business Case for Consolidating Computer Operations and Systems

What are some of the business benefits that United Technologies will gain from the consolidation of its computer systems, data centers, software, and help centers?

What limitations might there be?

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Real World Case 2 (continued)

What are the business benefits of standardizing on selected models from one manufacturer of desktop and laptop PCs as UTC did with Dell and Kodak did with IBM?

What limitations might there be?

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Real World Case 2 (continued)

What are the business benefits of UTC’s policy of “locking down” its new Dell PCs so employees can’t download other software from the Internet?

Do you agree with this policy?

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Real World Case 2 (continued)

Should a conglomerate like UTC with many diverse companies standardize its PC hardware and software and lock out downloads of other software?

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Real World Case 3 – Boscov’s, Winnebago, & WPS Health

Moving to Linux on the Mainframe

How can a mainframe run the equivalent of hundreds of Linux server applications at the same time?

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Real World Case 3 (continued)

Why can the total cost of ownership of running Linux applications on the mainframe be less than on Intel-based servers?

What other IT and business benefits may be achieved?

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Real World Case 3 (continued)

What challenges or limitations can arise in moving business applications from servers to Linux on a mainframe?

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Real World Case 4 – La-Z-Boy & Corporate Express

The Business Benefits of Server Consolidation

What are the business and technical benefits of using multiple servers to run business applications for a company?

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Real World Case 4 (continued)

What are the business and technical challenges facing companies who depend on many distributed server systems?

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Real World Case 4 (continued)

What are the business and technical benefits of server consolidation initiatives?

What are the limitations of such a strategy?

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Real World Case 5 – Los Alamos National Laboratory

The ROI of Blade Servers

What are the business and technical benefits of using blade servers versus rack-mounted or traditional servers?

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Real World Case 5 (continued)

What limitations or challenges might there be in the use of blade servers?

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Real World Case 5 (continued)

When should a company consider using blade servers?