challenge(number title discussion(board(idauthor(id ... · challenge(number title...

Challenge(Number Title Discussion(Board(ID Author(ID Subject Post Create(Date Last(Reply(Date

394 Ted'Ground'of'Rising'Star,'Texas 675 16660

This'board'was'created'to'

discuss'the'solutions'for'this'

Challenge Discuss'the'solutions'for'this'Challenge' 8/6/10'11:10 8/6/10'11:10

394 Creating'NASA'â€œInternSpace" 675 33893

PreOInternship'Orientation:'

Housing

'One'thing'that'I'm'sure'would'be'appreciated'by'interns'and'coOops'

when'creating'this'space'is'information'on'housing.'I'know'JSC'has/had'a'coO

op'board'that'helped'students'get'housing'with'employees.'KSC'has'a'forum'


394 Creating'NASA'â€œInternSpace" 676 17089 NASA'"InternSpace"

One'thing'many'types'of'systems'try'to'do'is'a'little'too'much.'This'makes'

such'areas'into'another'"Satern"'as'opposed'to'making'the'

process'easier.'Make'sure'to'clearly'define'what'this'"space"'is'

really'trying'to'achieve'and'scope'it'accordingly.

The'truth'is'there'is'little'possibility'in'making'the'onOboarding'process'

less'burdensome.'There'is'a'lot'of'paperwork'involved'in'working'for'the'

government'and'in'my'ten'years'the'paperwork'has'gotten'much'worse.'One'

area'this'type'of'activity'could'really'shine'is'to'provide'a'spot'in'cyberspace'

for'interns'to'post'the'work'they'have'done.'As'mentioned'in'your'

annoucement'O'there'have'been'thousands'of'interns.'Some'have'done'

compelling'work'and'yet'I'have'no'idea'where'to'find'their'work.'Since'their'

assignments'are'often'short'term'it'would'be'great'to'have'an'online'space'

that'would'allow'them'to'post'the'work'they'have'done'and'possible'next'

steps'in'case'a'future'intern'would'like'to'continue'the'work.'This'way,'

several'interns'across'several'centers'over'several'years'can'contribute'to'a'

larger'longOterm'project'rather'than'simple'short'term'fixes.'They'may'also'

be'able'to'help'each'other'across'time'and'space'as'they'give'feedback'and'

continue'the'dialog'going.

This'is'a'true'need'that'hasn't'really'been'addressed,'but'can'be'done'

and'needed.'It'would'also'allow'their'the'work'of'interns'to'be'viewed'by'a'

larger'NASA'audience'and'last'for'longer'than'a'poster'presentation'many'do'

now.

8/9/10'13:54 8/9/10'13:54



InternSpace'University'

Database

As'a'third'semester'NASA coOop,'I'have'met'many'interns'who'

have'come'through'both'Stennis'Space'Center'and'Marshall.'Many'have'

been'a'part'of'USRP,'MSGR'(at'Marshall),'Propulsion/Robotics'Academies,'

and even'high'school'groups.'While'NASA certainly has'

an'outstanding'resume'full'of human'and'unmanned'space'

exploration'missions,'not'many'young'students'really'know'

what NASA,'on'the'Center'level, does'(from'a'technical'

standpoint).'Coupling'this'with'students'who'might'not'know'

what they'want'to'do'in'a'career'causes headaches. It'

would'be'helpful,'like'posted'below,'to'distribute students'work'

online'outside'of'the'NASA firewall. While'many'students'work'

on'sensitive/SBU/ITAR'information,'I'do'believe'it would'be'easy'for'

students'to'"clean'up"'their'work so the'public'

can see. At'Marshall,'students'write'Abstracts'that'are'used'for'

their'final'papers.'This'would'be'a'great'tool'for'explaining'the'type'of'work'

each'NASA Center'does'without'spouting'sensitive'information.'For'

an incoming'student'wanting'to'apply'to'an'internship,'they'

could then find'out what'each'NASA'Center'does'in'

contributing'to the'NASA'objective.

As'a'coOop, I have'been'given'the incredible'

opportunity'to'network'with many'knowledgeable'professionals'on'

the'job.'I'have'built'a'solid'technical foundation'of'people'that'are'

well'versed'in different'areas'around'Marshall.'I'think'as'a'young'

student'in'a'student'program,'networking is just'as'important'

as developing'academically.'I'would'love'to'see'a'forum'or'web'site'

that'could reach out'to'other'NASA'Centers via'some'sort'

of'database.'In'particular,'it'would'be'very'helpful'if'you'could'search'by'

University.'I find'that'established'professionals'at'NASA' 8/9/10'14:29 9/2/10'21:37


394 Creating'NASA'â€œInternSpace" 676 17751 "InternSpace"

I'assume'each'person's'profile'(intern,'mentor,'etc)'will'have'fields''for'

universities'attended'(may'be'several'for'those'with'BS,'MS,'PhDs),''Degrees'

Attained,'Degreen'in'Progress,'Technical'Interests,'Current''Center,'Previous'

Centers,'etc. 'There'should'be'the'capabilitiy'to'do''discussion'forums'

and'live'chats. 'It'would'be'good'for'members'to'be''able'to'create'

groups'based'on'university,'engineering'discipline,''center,'all'interns,'all'

mentors,'all'managers,'maybe'one'for'HR'and''Education,'etc. 'All,'of'

course,'would'belong'to'the'general'group'at''large'and'could'then'belong'to'

specific'groups'as'well. 'There'will'need''to'be'a'group'creator'that'

manages'membership'as'some'groups'will'need''to'check'credentials'before'

acceptance'(example,'mentor,'manager,''etc.). 'Then'folks'can'post'

the'the'relevant'specific'group'for'which''they'have'membership'that'could'

help'them'with'their'question. 'Question''between'groups'would'be'

posted'to'the'group'at'large. 'There'needs'to''be'an'alumni'section'so'

that'students'can'stay'in'touch'and'get'info''even'after'they'leave'

NASA. 'Longitudinal'data'is'always'challenging'to''get'and'all'tools'

should'incorporate'ways'to'keep'in'touch'to'see'if'the''

NASA internship'was 'effective'in'keeping''students'within'the'

Space'Industry'STEM'fields'or'academia. 'I'agree''with'previous'posts'

that'the'students'(and'mentors'for'that'matter)''should'be'able'to'post'an'

ITAR'compliant'summary'of'the'projects'they''are'involved'in. 'It'

would'be'good'to'have'a'robust'search'capability'so''that'folks'can'see'all'

interested'in'a'specific'topic,'all'from'a''university,'all'from'a'specific'center,'

look'up'specific'folks,'etc.

Another''suggestion'is'that'there'be'a'public'and'private'side'to'this'

site. ''This'way,'potential'interns'might'be'able'to'get'information'

regarding''what'the'internship'experience'is'like'or'maybe'even'ask'

questions. ''Suggestion'OO'the'NASA Ambassors'(an'existing' 8/9/10'16:16 8/10/10'15:23


394 Creating'NASA'â€œInternSpace" 676 18310 RE:"InternSpace"

This'is'an'excellent'idea.'I have'been'recently'converted'from'a'coO

op'to'a'civil'servant,'but'I'do'not'mind'helping'with'suggestions'for'this'

project.'Since'I'am'not'from'the'Celveland'area,'it'took'me'eight'miserable'

months'of'not'meeting'people'due'to'the'aging'workforce.'I'have'helped'

create'some'documents'at'our'center'for'new'coOops'or'interns'regarding'

things'to'do'at'the'center,'clubs'(we'have'a'developing'professionals'club'

that'I'also'helped'with),'and'how'to'sign'up'for'listservs.'I'think'it'is'a'little'

easier'for'students'now'that'they'receive'this'information'on'their'first'day,'

but'it'can'still'be'vastly'improved.'

As'for'getting'Center's'to'update'their'lists,'I'believe'GRC'has'just'recently'

updated'their'lists.'I also'want'to'point'out'that'I attended'a'

work'group'a'few'weeks'back,'where'i'met'a'young'person'close'to'my'age'

that'does'similar'tasks'as'me.'It'is'nice'now'because'we'are'able'to'dicsuss'

similarities'and'differences'between'our'two'center's'operations.

Also,'as'some'of'you'may'agree'or'disagree,'sometimes'CoOops'and'

interns'are'placed'in'organizations'that'do'not'really'give'them'work'until'

they'prove'themselves.'This'would'be'an'excellent'tool'to'research'what'

NASA'is'about'when'they'are'first'getting'started'and'access'to'all'their'

systems.'

8/10/10'15:23 8/10/10'15:23

394 Creating'NASA'â€œInternSpace" 676 18566 PreOIntern'Orientation

My'idea'would'be'to'have'a'system'similar'to'SATERN'where'there'is'an'

orientation'packet'for'anyone'coming'to'any'of'the'NASA'Centers.'It'could'be'

in'the'current'SATERN'format'where'the'intern'browses'through'an'

orientation'on'where'the'center'is'located,'what'the'main'purpose'of'the'

center'is,'rule'book'on'what'the'rules'are'for'being'a'NASA employee,'

how'to'look'for'a'place'to'live,'maps'of'the'area'and'center,'what'forms'of'

ID's'they'need'to'bring,'etc. 'This'could'also'be'used'for'one'center's'

employees'to'have'when'they'visit'another'center. 'Most'HR'

departments'have'something'like'this'for'new'employees,'so'it'would'be'

easy'to'put'this'stuff'in'SATERN'for'easy'access'and'could'be'used'as'part'of'

the'intern's'learning'plan.

Most'interns'get'into'trouble'because'they'do'not'understand'how'

working'for'the'government'is'different'from'working'in'industry. 'The'

rules'are'different,'things'do'not'happen'quickly,'paperwork'has'to'be'filed,'

etc.'If'this'preOorientation'could'be'made'in'such'a'way'that'the'interns'and'

new'hires'understand'that'working'for'the'government'is'a'different'

ballgame,'I'think'that'they'will'be'able'to'hit'the'ground'running'a'lot'sooner'

and'be'able'to'work'within'the'existing'system. 'This'could'also'be'

used'for'new'contractors'as'well. 'It'should'be'a'requirement'before'

they'get'their'badge. 'A'portion'of'SATERN could'be'opened'up'

to'the'Internet'and'the'potential'employee'could'be'given'a'temporary'

userid'and'password'to'get'in. 'It'would'be'one'repository'to'get'

access'to'anything'a'new'hire'would'need.

8/13/10'17:34 8/13/10'17:34


394 Creating'NASA'â€œInternSpace" 676 18634 InternSpace

At'KSC when'a'student'accepts'an'internship'we'send'them'a'

welcome'letter'with'a'link'to'our'PreOOrientation'page'(you'can'visit'it'

at: 'http://education.ksc.nasa.gov/orientation/index.htm). 'This'

is'a'"hidden"'site'O'not'searchable'O'you'can'only'find'it'if'you're'

given'the'link'O'that'keeps'folks'that'don't'need'all'the'info'from'getting'to'

it. 'This'site'provides'lots'of'info'that'is'important'for'students'to'know'

before'they'come'to'KSC. 'Also,'we'have'set'up'a'Facebook'site'that'

we'use'to'remind'the'interns'of'enrichment'activities'and'other'events'

throughout'the'internship'semester. '

8/17/10'9:39 8/17/10'9:39


Choice'of'Software'Package'OO'

Wiki'OO

For'your'software'package'at'the'core'of'your'InternSpace,'I'strongly'

recommend'that'you'use'of'a'generic'Wiki'while'shunning'Blog'and'bulletin'

board'packages. With'a'generic'Wiki'you'get'(free'for'

nothing):

''''A'powerful,'technical'friendly'editor

''''The'ability'to'put'graphics'right'in'the'entries

''''The'ability'to'crossOreference'entries'within'the'space

''''The'ability'to'organize'material'in'a'logical'outline'form

''''A'powerful'internal'search'engine

''''The'ability'to'group'entries'into'categories

8/20/10'9:27 9/2/10'22:22

394 Creating'NASA'â€œInternSpace" 676 18830 iPhone'and'Droid'App

I'believe'this'should'be'made'into'an'iPhone'and'Droid'app. 'Most'

interns'and'mentors'have'some'type'of'database. 'This'would'allow'

them'to'access'the'checklists,'documents,'and'social'networking'tools'on'the'

go. 'Apps'can'be'created'faily'inexpensively. 'NonOprivate'

communication'could'be'via'a'facebook'page'or'similar. 'It'would'have'

to'be'looked'at'however'at'the'legality'of'using'an'existing'social'networking'

platform'to'perform'social'communication. 'The'official'

communication'however'could'be'via'an'app'that'is'created'and'could'even'

be'secured'if'required'using'security'platforms'used'by'banks'and'budget'

software'built'into'the'app. 'You'may'have'to'build'separate'apps'for'

iPhone,'Droid'and'Blackberry. 'This'type'of'communication'is'taking'

over'social'networking'and'is'quickly'becoming'the'preferred'method'of'

social'networking'because'of'the'convience'of'being'able'to'check'and'

recieve'pushed'updates'all'the'time'and'everywhere.

8/23/10'15:27 8/23/10'15:27


394 Creating'NASA'â€œInternSpace" 676 19228 'PreOInternship'Orientation

If'I'understand'this'Social'Media'concept'correctly'the'proposed'solution'

will'require:

''''Pubic'access

''''Ability'to'register'new'members'from'this'public'resource

''''Secured'information'links'to'back'end'networks'and'resources'via'

https

''''Reporting'capabilities

Will'there'also'be'a'requirement'for'access'via'smart'phones'or'other'

requirements'that'have'not'yet'been'specifically'addressed?

8/23/10'16:47 8/23/10'16:47


Intern'Social'Media'site'

suggestions

Please'see'attached,'thanks.

8/24/10'8:07 8/24/10'8:07


NASAOsocial'media'site'

thoughts

please'see'attached'file.

8/25/10'9:11 8/25/10'9:11


RE:InternSpace'University'

Database

Quote'from'Granger,'Scott'C.'(MSFCOEV92)':'"it'would'be'

very'helpful'if'you'could'search'by'University.'"



InternSpace'Ideas'(all'four'

topic'areas)

RE:Choice'of'Software'Package'O

O'Wiki'OO

There'may'be'wiki'software'that'already'exists'and'is'preferred'by'the'

OCIOs'at'multiple'centers.' If'there'is'something'that's'used'by'

mulitple'centers'(TWiki, ProtoWiki,'etc)'then'porting'the'InternSpace'

to'the'other'centers'after'the'Ames'pilot'is'complete'should'be'easier. '

Gathering'the'data'on'what'wiki'softwares'are'used'where'and'their'pros'

and'cons'would'likely'be'useful'information'in'and'of'itself'too. 'Could'

be'a'good'student'project'frankly.

9/2/10'22:22 9/2/10'22:22

395

Low'Impact'Robotic'Sensor'Platform'for'

Land'Survey 677 16663




395



Discuss'the'challenge'and'

submit'your'solution Please'discuss'this'Challenge'here 8/6/10'11:34 8/6/10'11:34

395



Camera'problem'on'rough'

terrain

My'idea'would'be'to'have'the'camera'would'be'releaseable'controlled'by'

lanyard'cables 'on'a'motorized'stabalizer.'The'camera'would'be'

floating'above'the'rover.'When'the'rover'went'over'a'bumpy'surface'the'

camera'would'be'pulled'down'to'rest'on'a'thick'gel'like'base'that'would'

minimize'the'camera'motion'caused'by'the'rocky'or'bumpy'surface.'The'Gel'

above'the rover'would'be'a'secondary'shock'absorber,'otherwise'the'

camera'would'be'free'floating'in'space'controlled'by'4'rods'that'could'also'

stabalize'the'camera'with'small'robotic'motors,'puling'left'and'right,'up'and'

down.

8/23/10'16:51 8/27/10'3:11


395



Adapt'Real'Time'Obstacle'

Detection'Hardware/Software

Providing'a'combination'of'LIDARs'(Laser'Radars),'Stereo'Cameras'and'

GPS'with'IMUs'(gyros'and'accelerometers)'facing'forward'and'aft'should'

provide'complete'coverage'as'this'was'used'to'navigate'during'DARPAs'

grand'challenge'and'adjust'and'stabilize'movement'of'the'

sensors/cameras. 'Combining'the'data'at'different'positions/time'

would'help'resolution.

Links'to'the'equipment'and'technology'provided'below.

Providing'the'topology'ahead'of'time'would'aid'obstacle'

detection/mapping

http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/civil/articles/62819.aspx

8/23/10'17:37 8/27/10'3:15

395


Land'Survey 678 18015 different'way.

See'the'chart

8/24/10'12:12 8/24/10'12:12

395



RE:Camera'problem'on'rough'

terrain

I'work'on'the'project'this'relates'to,'so'while'I'm'not'asking'as'the'owner'

(Liza),'I'm'familiar'with'the'problem. 'Do'you'know'if'a'4Oleg'platform'

like'you're'suggesting,'and/or'a'control'system'for'keeping'it'stable,'already'

exists? 'An'extensible'boom'might'be'a'useful'option,'but'creating'the'

hardware'and'software'from'scratch'might'be'a'very'major'development'

project'unto'itself.

8/27/10'3:11 8/27/10'3:11

395



RE:Adapt'Real'Time'Obstacle'

Detection'Hardware/Softwa...

Again,'I'work'on'the'project'this'relates'to,'so'while'I'm'not'asking'as'the'

owner'(Liza),''I'm'familiar'with'the'problem. 'The'performance'of'

these'vehicles'is'outstanding,'but'all'of'them'in'the'references'seem'to'be'

very'large. 'A'Tahoe'or'Prius'puts'a'lot'of'pressure'on'the'ground;'are'

you'aware'of'anything'similar,'but'much'smaller? The'current'

vehicles'are'~'10'kg.

8/27/10'3:15 8/27/10'3:15


395



Low'Impact'Robotic'Sensor'

Platform'for'Land'Survey

'

The'camera'could'detach'from'the'periscope'and'face'down'to'view'

the'soil.'Mirrors'facing'both'forward'and'aft'in'the'head'of'the'periscope'

would'achieve'an'adequate'land'surveying.'Adding'two'more'mirrors'facing'

the'sides'may'give'an'almost'360'view'from'one'camera.'Software'could'

section'the'view'of'each'mirror'from'the'one'picture.'The'periscope'being'

raised'or'lowered'could'be'as'simple'as'a'car'antenna'system.

'The'material'could'be'like'a'track'

covering'tires.

9/8/10'15:44 9/8/10'15:44

395


Land'Survey 678 20142 price'range?

'What'price'range'should'the'complete'sensor'&'vehicle'package'be'

within?

'

'A'helicopter'with'about'5kg'useful'payload'carrying'downwardOlooking'highO

def'cameras'and'GPS'could'be'built'for'about'$3,500.' I'm'

working'on'a'similar'project'involving'a'sensor'package'that'is'easily'

swapped'between'a'rover'and'a'helicopter.' Of'course'the'logistical'

overhead'with'operating'an'airborne'platform'is'higher.

9/17/10'18:27 9/17/10'18:27

396

Method'for'Detecting'Particle'Velocity'

and'Size'in'a'Hot'Gas'Jet 679 16664




396






396



Method'for'Detecting'Particle'

Velocity'and'Size

Hve'you'thought'about'a'Phase'Doppler'Particle'Analyzer?'It'is'commonly'

used'for'measurements'in'liquid'sprays'of'particle'sizes'and'velocities.

8/9/10'14:10 8/9/10'14:10

396



Solution'for'Detecting'Airborne'

Particle'Velocity'and'Size

At'GSFC we'have'been'working'on'a'novel'particle'image'

velocimeter'that'does'not'suffer'from'a'small'depth'of'field'like'conventional'

particle'image'velocimeters. 'We'originally'conceived'it'as'a'planetary'

dust'experiment. 'The'basic'physics and'operation'of'the'

device has'been'demonstrated'on'two'different'field'tests'in'

Arizona.

The'device'measures'particle'number'density,'number'of'particles,'

particle'velocity'(both'speed'and'direction),'particle'size'and'for'large'

particles,'particle'shape.

The'device'we'have'currently'constructed'only'measures 2D'

velocities'but'with'another'detector'and'fiber'coupled'light'source'it'could'

measure'3D'velocities. 'Your'particle velocities'would'also'

probably'require a'detector'upgrade.

In'early'2011'we'will'be'lending'the'instrument'to'Boise'State'University'

for'a'particle'dynamics'experiment.

I've'attached'a'tech'sheet'prepared'by'the'Goddard'Technology'

office. 'Let'me'know'if you'would'like'more'information. '

I'have'a'lot'I'could'send'to'you.

8/9/10'14:28 8/9/10'14:28

396


and'Size'in'a'Hot'Gas'Jet 680 18067 Particle'velocity'and'size

Some'questions:

Should'we'assume'that'this'is'in'vacuum? If'not'what'is'the'

ambient'environment'(thermal,'pressure,'chemistry,'gravitational,'

etc.) '

Can'the'hot'gas'carry'a'charge? 'What'is'chemical'composition'of'

the'gas?'

Are'the'chemical'composition'and'density'of'the'particles'as'described'in'

the'lunar'regolith'simulant'reference?

At 'what'distance'from'the'point'of'gas'impingement,'is'

knowledge'of'the'particle'size'and'distribution'no'longer'of'interest?'

8/9/10'19:23 8/9/10'19:23


396



Laser'Doppler'Velocimeter'for'

particle'size/velocity'measr.

A'laser'doppler'velocimetry'system'consists'of'two'or'more'crossed'laser'

beams,'a'lens'and'a'detector. 'The'laser'beams interference'

make'fringes. 'The'particles pass'through'the fringes'

creating sinuusoidal'bursts'that'can'be'detected'by'the'

detector. 'The'frequency'of'the'burst'measures'the particle'

velocity,'the'intensity'of'the'burst'measures'the'particle'size'

(larger particles'scatter light'more'

efficiently). Accuracies'of'~1'm/s'are'

possible. 'The'trick'would'be'to'orient'the'LDV'system'at'

a'fixed'distance'from'the'impact'and'to'have'a'known'probe'size'(or'an'

aperture'can'limit'the''area''of'the'circumference'being'sampled). '

Suppose'the'probe'volume'size occupied'a'5'degree'arc'segment,'then'

the'total'scattering'would'be'360/5'x'the measured'scattering. '

The probe'volume'(or'a'probe'volume'plus'an'aperture,'to'

get better'spatial resolution)'could'be'moved'to'other'locations,'

for'example'further'from'the'surface,'to measure'trajectories at'

other'locations.

8/9/10'19:54 8/9/10'19:54

396



Survey'flying'particles'using'

multiple'high'speed'cameras

1.o


396



Question'about'Point'of'

Reference'and'suggestions

Are'you'going'to'measure'this'on'earth'(measuring'system'sitting'on'the'

surface),'OR'on'the'moon'(measuring'system'on'a'Lander'approaching'

earth's'moon'OR'other'body)? 'Did'you'take'into'account'the'

difference'in'gravity'and'atmospheric'pressure'at'the'two'locations'in'your'

simulation'(trajectory'changes'with'both)?'

Look'back'at'the'work'done'to'design'the'VIking'lander'rocket'nozzels'(19'

openings'in'each'of'3'thrust'heads'on'the'lander'in'order'to'minimize'the'

disturbance'of'the'surface'on'Mars.)

On'the'earth: 'A'crossed'beam'continuous'(or'pulsed)'laser'

has'been'used'to'measure'velocity'of'small'particles'for'over'30'years. '

The'direction'of'the'particle'could'be'measured'by'recording'pictures'taken'

by'a'laser'pulsed'at'known'intervals'between'them. 'A'2nd'system'at'

right'angles'would'give'you'the'3OD'trajectory. 'The'size'of'each'

particle'could'be'measured'by'the'brightness'of'the'particle'in'the'picture'

(given:'known'albedo'at'that'wavelength). 'It'might'be'possible'to'

determine'particle'shape'by'measuring'the'change'of'brightness'between'

pictures'of'each'particle'tracked. ' Data'retrieval'will'require'

significant'computing'power.'

On'a'moving'platform'landing'on'a'moon'or'other'body: 'The'same'

could'be'used,'but'very'careful'positioning'would'be'needed. 'To'give'

realOtime'data'for'landing'would'require'enormous'computing'power.'

8/15/10'11:23 8/15/10'11:23


396



Method'for'Detecting'Particle'

Velocity'and'Size'in'a'Hot'Gas

We'have'been'doing'something'similar'as'a'Space'Radiation'

measurement'project. 'Using'CMOS'image'sensors'we'have'been'

conducting'experiments'to'detect'and'measure'particles'which'result'from'

radiating'Mars'Regolith'and'Lunar'Regolith'with'neutron'and'proton'

beams. 'The'resolution'of'detector'grid'in'this'case'is'on'the'order'of'

5um'in'a'1280'x'1024'array. 'The'velocity'of'the'particles'in'theory'can'

be'determined'by'the'amount'of'energy'that'is'deposited'in'the'individual'

pixels. 'The'path'of'the'particles'are'determined'by'creating'a'stack'of'

4'CMOS'sensors'(see'the'attachment). 'And,'the'size'of'the'particles'

can'be'measured'directly.

This'system'was'created'at'the'Johnson'Space'Center'as'part'of'the'RISA'

project. 'The'hardware'exists'and'could'be'tested'for'this'

purpose. 'The'CMOS'image'sensors'are'inherently'more'resistent'to'

damage'from'radiation'than'other'similar'sensors'such'as'CCDs. 'And,'

they'are'much'lower'cost. 'The'CMOS'sensors'we'have'used'in'this'

design'cost'only'about'$30'each. 'They'interface'to'a'computer'by'way'

of'USB,'and'are'controlled'using'Matlab. 'All'4'image'sensors'are'

synchronized'to'integrate'at'the'same'time. 'No'lenses'are'needed'as'

you'are'measuring'charged'particles'directly. 'Copies'of'this'system'

could'be'built'and'made'available'for'your'project'if'this'would'be'of'

interest.

The'amount'of'data'created'by'this'system'is'significant. 'Each'

image'is'about'1.3Mbyte. 'We'have'been'running'the'system'with'

integration'times'from'0.1'seconds'to'4'seconds,'and'a'wait'time'of'about'

2.5'seconds'in'between'samples. 'It'can'be'run'faster,'but'the'size'of'

the'created'data'files'adds'up'quickly'as'you'can'imagine. 'Both' 8/20/10'13:44 8/20/10'13:44

396


and'Size'in'a'Hot'Gas'Jet 680 18920 3D'Particle'Image'Velocemetry

2D'Particle'Image'Velocemetry'(PIV)'uses'a'laser,'spread'out'in'a'sheet,'

that'is'used'to'illuminate'a'specific'plane'of'interest,'such'as'a'jet'plume,'and'

is'pulsed'twice'with'a'specific'time'interval.' A'digital'camera'is'set'up'

to'capture'these'two'images'(


396


and'Size'in'a'Hot'Gas'Jet 680 17565 Study'on'Lunar'Desent'effects

NASA/MSFC'

has'spent'a'considerable'amount'of'effort'developing'a'multiphase,'

noninvasive'mass'flowmeter'for'cryogenic'fluids.'The'resulting'sensor'can'

detect'bubbles'(determine'size/distribution)'in'full'3Odimensional'space.'

Since'the'meter'was'designed'to'operate'in'liquid/gas/solid'environment'the'

technique'would'be'applicable'to'a'hot'gas'flow'and'the'tracking'of'particles'

(position,'size,'velocity,'etc)'at'high'rates.

POC:'Sammy'Nabors'(MSFC)

8/27/10'16:11 8/27/10'16:11

396



Patternator:spray'

characterization'technology

I'm'not'sure'if'the'Patternator'spray'characterization'technology'could'be'

applied'to'this'application,'but'I'offer'it'as'a'possible'solution.'See'the'

attached'presentation'for'details.'One'of'the'employees'from'this'company'

worked'in'my'branch'a'number'of'years'ago.

9/2/10'12:29 9/2/10'12:29


396



Large'Depth'of'Field'Particle'

Image'Velocimeter'Overview

A large'depth'of'field'particle'image'velocimeter'has'been'

developed'at'the'Goddard'Space'Flight'Center'(GSFC) 'that'would'be'a'

fine'solution'to'the'problem'posed.

The'GSFC technology overcomes'the'chief'problem'with'

traditional DopplerObased'approaches which'can'

only measure'particle velocity'along'the'line'of'sight. 'It'

overcomes'the'depth'of'field'problem'encountered'when'using'standard'

microscopy'flow'meters'or'particle'image'velocimeters'through'the'use'

of a'novel'afocal'optical'arrangement. 'And'it'handles'the'

enormous amount'of'particle'trajectory'and'size imagery'

generated'by'offOtheOshelf'flow meters'and'particle'image'

velocimeters'(e.g.,'highOframe'rate'cameras'with'standard'optics'and'active'

light'sources)'through'the'use'of'an'algorithm'

and hardware that'reduces'particle'imagery'into'the'data'of'

interest,'namely: 'particle'speed,'direction,'size,'particle'size'

distribution,'shape'(when'applicable) and'number'density.

For'two'dimensional'measurements,'the'large'depth'of'field'particle'

image'velocimeter'consists'of: ' a'fiber'coupled'laser'diode'light'

source,'a'high'frame'rate'CMOS detector,'an'FPGA'and'a'custom'

afocal'optical'arrangement. 'For'three'dimensional'measurements'a'

duplicate'system'is'used'with'its'optical'axis'perpendicular'to'the'first.

This'technology'was'originally'developed'as'a'planetary'dust'

characterization'experiment'O'primarily'to'measure'dynamic'dust'events'on'

the'Moon'and'Mars. 'It'has'been'successfully'field'tested'in'the' 9/5/10'12:08 9/5/10'12:08

397

Environmental'Temperature'

Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 681 16667




397






397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 16779 Best'solution..

The'problem'is'your'assumption:'


397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17523 RE:Best'solution..

I'm'inclined'to'agree. 'If'the'political'issue'is'related'to'the'fear'of'a'

launch'accident'(disregarding,'for'the'moment,'the'unfounded'and/or'

irrational'nature'of'such'objection)'and'simply'cannot'be'overcome,'I'would'

suggest'a'reasonable'compromise'could'be'reached'by'having'the'RTG(s)'

launched'by'a'foreign'carrier;'I'suspect'that'there'are'at'least'a'couple'who'

would'be'happy'to'do'so.'

Yes,'I'know'it's'nowhere'near'a'simple'as'that':) 'But'with'such'a'

simple,'elegant'and'effective'option,'it'should'absolutely'remain'in'the'

solution'space.

8/9/10'14:42 8/9/10'14:42

397




Management'During'Lunar'

night

Lunar'heat'flow'is'roughly'half'of'earth's. 'Could'the'batteries'and'

susceptable'elactronics'be'buried? 'Even'a'shallow'O'one'meter'or'so'

burial'would'have'significant'benefit. If'the'equipment'can'

be buried'at the bottom'of'a crater,'where'the'

temperature'gradient'would'likely'be'higher,'it'would'likely'be'even'more'

effective.

Contact'Caterpiller'for'marketing'rights!

On'earth'there'is'a'seasonal'and'superimposed'diurnal'variation,'not'sure'

about'the'Moon'with'its'long'nights.

8/9/10'14:42 8/9/10'14:42

397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17338 Insulated'box

One'solution'might'be'to'place'the'components'inside'a'light'weight'

super'insulated'box'with'aeorjel'blankets'and'mylar'multylayer'insulation'

which'cam'be'designed'to'eliminate'almost'all 'the'daytime'heating'of'

the'components.'At'night'minimal'heating'from'a'very'low'powered'heater,'

or'the'heat'from'the'electronics'inside'can'maintain'sufficient'

temperature.

If'excess'heat'needs'to'be'removed'from'the'box'use'a'passive'radiator'

placed'in'a'shaded'area'(i.e.'under'the'box)'and'connect'it'with'conductive'

wires'to'a'heat'sink'inside'the'box.'A'passive'bimetalic'switch'can'be'used'to'

thermaly'connec/disconnect'the'heat'sink'at'the'desired'temperature.

8/9/10'14:54 8/9/10'14:54

397



Temperature'Management'

during'the'Lunar'Night

To'add'to'the'phase'change'idea'OO'eutectic'salt'phase'change'media'

technology'used'in'desert'solar'to'steam'power'generating'systems'should'

also'be'able'to'be'tuned'to'the'lunar'environment. 'It'could'store'heat'

during'the'day'that'could'be'later'used'for'night'operations.'See'

http://www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet/thermal_energy_storage.html'for'an'

example.' The'solar'power'plants'are'often'placed'in'deserts'with'wide'

temperature'ranges'(albeit'not'as'wide'as'the'moon's). 'Phase'change'

media'are'also'used'for'thermal'heat'transfer'in'a'variety'of'industries'and'

cover'the'gamut'of'temperature'ranges'including'molten'salts'that'can'be'

used'at'temperatures'well'beyond'your'region'of'interest'(800C+).'

Using'MLI'and'other'insulation'will'further'reduce'the'size'of'the'

heating/cooling'system'as'well'as'the'heat/cooling'loads.'

8/9/10'20:16 8/9/10'20:16


397



Solar'Dynamic'System'for'

Power'and'Heat

In'the'mid'90's,'I'was'part'of'the'Solar'Dyanmic'Flight'Demonstration'

Project'at'NASA'Glenn. 'We'were'working'with'RSCOEnergia'to'develop'

the'SD'system'as'a'flight'demonstration'on'Mir. 'The'system'used'a'

Brayton'engine'with'an'organic'solution'that'stored'thermal'energy'very'well'

during'the'daylight'phases'of'the'orbit'and'released'it'slowly'during'the'night'

phases. 'If'you'are'interested'in'temperature'maintenance'only,'or'

primarily'temperature'maintenance'with'some'power'to'batteries'for'night'

usage'(very'small'night'usage)'this'system'might'function'well. 'The'

brayton'engine'with'a'solar'concentrator'was'tested'under'T/V'conditions'at'

Glenn. 'Unfortunately,'the'project'was'cancelled'and'never'flew'but'

there'is'a'lot'documentation'available.

8/11/10'14:50 8/15/10'8:04

397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17565 Dig'In

I spend'a'couple'years'developing'lunat'settlement'ideas'on'

Lunarpedia,'


397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17565 RE:RE:Dig'In

The'Lunarpedia'references'is:

Lunarpeida: 'Architecture'as'Mole'Hills


397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17565 Location!'Location!'Location

You'did'not'say'where'your'habatat'was'located'on'the'Moon. '

There'are'three'basic'thermal'zones'on'the'Moon'from'a'settlement'

standpoint.

1. 'Equatorial 'OO 'Just'like'Apollo. 'Here'is'

where'the'temperature'extremes'you'describe'are'most'severe. 'If'any'

of'the'Apollo'missions'had'been'delayed'in'leaving,'even'by'as'little'as'two'

days,'the'crews'would'have'broiled'to'death'on'national'television. '

Currenty'safety'requirements'rule'out'this'region'(75%'of'the'Moon's'

Sufrace) from'human'stays'longer'than'a'few'days.

2. 'Temperate'OO'These'two'narrow'bands'from'about'68'degrees'

north'or'south'to'about'85'degrees'north'or'south'have'a'peak'daytime'

temperature'that'will'not'kill'you'outright. 'If'you'were'trapped'ina'

half'buried'habitat'with'a'failed'cooling'system,'you'could'sweet'out'a'long'

day.

3. 'Polar'OO'These'are'our'very'best'sites'for'at'least'the'first'50'

years'of'lunar'settlement. 'Consider'Mount'Malapert. 'This'

ridge'top'is'about'the'size'of'Manhattan'at'about'86'degrees'South. '

You'have'sulight'for'power'over'95%'of'the'time,'and'lineOofOsite'

communication'with'Earth'98%'of'the'time. 'The'ground'temperature'

1'meter'down'is'about'O50'C'so'you'will'need'some'of'that'sunlight'for'heat'

but'the'daytime'surface'temperatures'will'not'fry'you'and'the'night'lasts'

only'a'couple'Earth'days.

8/13/10'9:14 8/13/10'20:20


397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17565 RE:Location!'Location!'Location

One'major'problem'is'that'we'do'no'know'the'gradient'of'rocks'to'dust'

what'we'will'find'as'we'dig'in'the'polar'regions. 'All'the'cores'we'have'

are'from'Apollo'sites'and'they'were'on'the'flats'where'the'landing'is'

easy. 'We'never'really'dug'a'trench. '

The'best'polar'region'sites'are'ridge'tops'and'we'simply'do'not'know'

what'we'will'find'there. 'The'deeper'we'dig'the'more'rocks'we'will'

find'but'when'does'digging'become'nothing'but'rock'moving?

Ideally'we'will'bring'a'light'front'loader'and'will'dig'trenches'one'to'two'

meters'deep'and'drag'our'inflatalble'hapatat'sections'into'them. 'We'

can'then'throw'the'dust'and'grave'back'on'top'for'radiation'

protection. 'The'air'pressure'will'easily'support'the'weight'in'1/6'

g. 'All'we'can'do'with'the'rocks'is'line'they'up'to'thicken'the'side'

walls.

At'the'poles,'the'answer'to'your'thermial'question'is'that'we'are'biased'

cold. 'our'radiation'protection'regolith'blanket'will'protect'us'from'the'

harsh'direct'sun. 'Our'habatat'floors'will'have'to'be'will'insulated'

against'the'cold'rocks'beneeth'but'thosebed 'rocks'will'take'all'the'

heat'we'need'to'dump.

Our'thermal'problems'is'solved'at'the'poles,'if'we'can'dig'a'trench.

8/13/10'20:20 8/13/10'20:20

397



RE:Solar'Dynamic'System'for'

Power'and'Heat

The'equatorial'lunar'night'is'about'500'times'longer'than'the'eclispe'

phase'of'at'LEO. 'The'amount'of'phase'change'material'needed'is'just'

too'large.

Paraffin'was'used'in'this'way'in'the'Lunar'Rovers,'but'only'to'prevent'

shortOterm'overheating'of'the'electronics.

If'you'had'a'very'large'supply'of'lunar'water,'it'could'be'of'some'help,'

but'you'would'need'to'ship'a'massive'speciality'tank'from'Earth'that'could'

survive'the'pressure'shifts'as'the'water'inside'changed'phase.

8/15/10'8:04 8/15/10'8:04


397



comprehensive'solution'for'the'

problem

'

Cover'the'entrance'with'solar'cell'panel'to'avoid'direct'

sun'beam.

'


397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17565 Basket'full'of'Rocks

One'possible'design'for'a'rover'is'to'have'a'metal'basket'covering'its'back'

that'can'be'filled'with'rocks'(see'attached'sketch). 'This'provides'both'radiation'

protection'for'vital'electronics'and'stabilizes'the'temperature.


397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17565 RE:Basket'full'of'Rocks

The'real'advantage'of'the'turtle'back'rover'is'that'it'sets'up'a'hero'run'if'

the'rover'is'near'a'pole.

The'basket'of'rocks'

lowers'the'center'of'gravity'of'the'rover.


397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17565 RE:Best'solution..

Almost,'but'not'quite,'unobtainum!

The'isotopes'must'decay'fast'enough'to'

generate'useful'amounts'of'heat. Only'isotopes'with'halfOlives'under'

about'10'year'can'do'this. Such'isotopes'must'be'manufactured'as'the'

naturally'ones'all'decayed'billions'of'years'ago.


397



New'Batteries'Coming'Soon'to'

a'Planet'near'You!

If'we'could'store'enough'electrical'power'from'our'solar'panels'during'

the'day,'we'could'make'it'through'the'night. There'is'now'an'

enormous'burgeoning'market'on'Earth'for'electrical'energy'storage'for'allO

electric'cars'and'to'smooth'out'alternative'energy'generation.

Current'LithiumOion'batteries'cost'

thousands'of'dollars,'will'take'maybe'2000'charge/discharge'cycles,'and'can'

drive'a'sports'car'about'60'miles'on'a'charge.


397



Use'of'Low'Voltage'heat'Pads'

used'in'automotive'industry

I'would'suggest'using'

Low'voltage'heating'pads'such'as'the'seat'heaters'used'in'the'automotive'

industry'use'of'the'pad'around'a'battery'or'rather'in'the'compartment'which'

contains'the'battery'may'be'able'to'keep'the'compartment'at'a'suitable'

temperature'range;'carbon'fiber'heating'elements'may'be'more'conducive'

to'your'needs.'If'you'will'notice'that'the'elements'can'be'cut'to'length.'You'

may'also'use'the'heating'pads'to'heat'thin'heat'sink'fins'to'warm'a'

compartment'if'the'compartment'is'to'have'an'atmosphere.

John'M.'DeSalvo

See'the'below'copied'text'

from'a'PDF'Brochure.


397



RE:Environmental'Temperature'

Management'during'the'lu...

Insulating'shelters'might'help. 'If'we'have'a'really'good'

MLI shelter'with'e*=0.01'at'room'temperature'you'still'lose'

5W/m^2. 'For'a'large'shelter,'the'energy'can'add'up.

8/25/10'18:21 8/25/10'18:21

397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17565 Wet'Steam'to'the'rescue

'Put'that'that'with'copious'amounts'of'solar'energy'

during'the'day'and'you'have'the'makings'of'a'real'energy'

system.


397



RE:Environmental'Temperature'

Management'during'the'lu...

Reference'URL's


397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17565 RE:Wet'Steam'to'the'rescue

Reference'URL's:


397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 16840 Electrochromic'Thin'Films

Bear'with'me,'as'I'm'an'RF'engineer'trying'to'talk'environmental'

controls. 'Anyway,'at'a'previous'employer'I'had'a'chance'to'work'with'

elctrochromic'thin'films'that'we'were'considering'for'use'as'a'sun'shield'for'

a'space'based'phased'array.

From'a'thermal'standpoint,'it's'possibly'a'great'alternative'to'

MLI blanketing'because'it'will'be'much'lighter'and'more'durable'

especially'to'handling'or'possibly'even'MMOD'impacts. 'I'have'

experience'with'dealing'with'MLI'in'satellite'applications,'and'the'weight'of'

it'can'really'add'up'as'well'as'the'fact'that'it'can'be'very'delicate.

If'you'painted'the'enclosure'of'what'it'is'that'you'want'to'regulate'white,'

and'the'covered'it'with'an'electrochromic'film,'you'could'implement'some'

sort'of'feedback'control'system'that'could'darken'the'film'when'you'needed'

to'absorb'heat'(during'the'lunar'night)'and'then'gradually'lighten'it'as'

temperatures'rose'during'the'day'when'you'needed'to'reject'excess'heat'so'

that'you'essentially'just'had'a'white'painted'surface'(possibly'other'controls'

like'radiators'as'well'below'the'film). 'It's'a'relatively'passive'option'as'

well'in'that'there'are'no'moving'parts,'just'a'varying'potential'applied'to'

change'emissivity. 'Again,'the'advantages'are'that'this'film'is'very'light'

and'durable,'has'very'minimal'power'consumption'especially'when'staying'in'

one'state'for'long'periods,'and'still'leaves'you'with'a'relatively'simple'

solution,'which'in'my'opinion'is'never'a'bad'thing'in'high'reliability'

environements.

9/2/10'7:36 9/2/10'7:36

397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17565 RE:RE:Wet'Steam'to'the'rescue

Several'of'the'Mythbuster'hotwater'heater'runs'are'on'UTube:


397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 16667 RE:Wet'Steam'to'the'rescue

The'large'cryo'propellant'tanks'normally'run'at'34'to'48'psi'(H2'and'

O2). 'At'those'pressures,'you'would'have'liquid'water'between'250'

and'275'F,'which'would'provide'a'fair'bit'of'sensible'energy'to'keep'things'

warm.

The'steam'itself'would'have'little'energy'(since'it'has'little'mass)'and'the'

warm'water'would'not'have'enough'energy'to'make'much'steam.

However...'if'a'tank'was'6''across'and'10''high,'it'would'hold'17520'lbm'

of'hot'water. 'Given'200F of'temperature'difference'to'work'

with,'that'would'be'3.5'million'BTUs'O'over'a'15'day'lunar'night'that'would'

provide'an'average'of'nearly'3'kW of'eergy'to'keep'things'

warm. 'Certainly'something'to'think'about!

9/3/10'15:49 9/3/10'15:49

397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17565 RE:RE:Wet'Steam'to'the'rescue

It'would'result'in'a'considerable'mass'penalty'to'reinforce'tanks'intended'

for'other'uses'to'have'a'second'life'as'a'Wet'Steam'system. This'still'

might'be'less'mass'than'the'mass'that'would'be'required'to'send'special'

thermal'storage'materials'from'Earth.

But'remember'this'idea'only'works'if'we'have'already'found'lots'of'

water. 'That'means'the'early'manned'outpost'must'be'near'the'

poles.


397


Management'During'the'Lunar'Night 682 17565 RE:RE:RE:RE:Dig'In

You'could'

design'a'heat'flux'capacitor'made'lays'of'aluminum'foil'and'hard'

packed regolith'dust. 'The'foil'would'carry'heat'into'the'mass'of'

regolith. 'This'design'would'take'computer'modeling'to'determine'if'

the'mass'of'aluminum'sent'from'Earth'is'small'enough'to'make'this'idea'

attractive.

Again'if'we'

find'copious'amounts'of'water,'we'could'consider'drilling'holes'and'pumping'

warm'water'into'deep'layers'of'regolith. There'the'material'has'much'

more'large'broken'rock'and'less'dust.'The'heat'would'be'stored'in'the'

thermal'mass'of'the'water'and'rock.' This'plan'would'risk'the'loss'of'

some'of'the'water.

http://www.exair.com/pages/theater.aspx?gi=8001&a

mp;dlg=1&gf=Cabinet+Coolers

8/9/10'14:28 11/2/10'13:27


399

Cooling'of'a'SelfOContained'Portable'

HSDAS'Unit 686 17576

Cooling'of'SelfO'Contained'

HSDAS'Unit.

Although'symplestic,'fans'built'into'the'box'as'is'done'on'high'power'

transmission'electrical'systems'for'power'disribution'with'spacing'to'allow'

heat'transfer'from'fan'moter.'Also'a'portable'expandable'solar'screen'or'

canopy'over'the'unit'to'protect'it'from'sun'radiation'would'also'help.

I'am'not'sure'how'much'heat'this'will'disipate'however,'this'is'a'tried'and'

proven'method.

QED

Willie'B.'Williams

8/9/10'14:29 11/2/10'13:28

399



Solution'to'Cooling'of'a'SelfO

Contained'Portable'HSDAS'Unit

Scott,

I'believe'what'you'need'is'a'solar'powered'refrigeration'system'similar'to'

the'one we'developed'at'JSC'and'patented. 'This'cooling'system'

could'sit'outside'of'your'enclosure'with'solar'panels'shading'it'and'run'in'

response'to'the'amount'of'sun,'which'of'course'is'what'produces'most'of'the'

heat'anyway. 'It'would'not'need'to'draw'power'from'your'

battery. 'The'only'thing'that'will'need'to'go'through'the'enclosure'is'

refrigerant'tubes,'with'the'evaporator'(heat'exchanger)'located'

inside. 'If'the'enclosure'has'good'insulation'and'possibly'some'

additional'thermal'capacitance'inside,'the'energy'balance'should'work'out'

since'your'temperature'tolerance'is'fairly'broad. We'can'probalby'get'

away'with'just'natural convection'of'the'air'inside,'but'a'fan'might'be'

beneficial. Of'course'a'little'engineering'and'analysis'will'need'to'be'

done,'but'I'am'confident'that'it'can'be'worked'out. 'I'have'attached'

some more'information for'your'reference. 'Some'

related'commercialization'efforts'can'be'viewed'at'


399



Cooling'of'a'SelfOContained'

Portable'HSDAS'Unit

My'solution'is'provided'below:

A'combination'of'photovoltaics'to'absorb'the'light'(from'the'sun)'and'

thermovoltaics'to'absorb'the'heat'(from'all'heat'sources)'and'concentrate'

them'will'be'used'as'part'of'the'design'solution. 'The'energy'from'

both'will'be used'to'charge'up'asymmetric'capacitors'(for'example,'

lithiumOion'capacitors'from'JSR'Micro,'Inc.). 'The'asymmetric'

capacitors'will'be'used'to'charge'up'the'lithiumOion'battery'as'

needed. 'The'lithiumOion'battery'that'is'used'to'power'the'equipment'

will'be'of'the'LiOironphosphate'type'that'is'capable'of'being'charged in'

very'short'time'periods'(can'get'to'85'%'charge'in'15'minutes'in'some'

cases). 'However,'two'identical'liOion'battery'systems'will'be'

used. 'The'independent'and'identical'battery'systems'will'have'the'

configuration'to'be'tied'in'parallel'to'provide'extended'periods'of'

performance'or'to'meet'exceptionally'high'peak'loads.' Each'battery'

system'will'be'independently'charged'by'the'asymmetric'

capacitors and'hence'one'unit'can'undergo'charge'while'the'other'

unit'is'powering'the'equipment. 'During'periods'of'peak'load,'

microchannel'cooling'loops'will'remove'the'heat'from'the'cells'in the'

liOion'battery and'dump'the'heat'into'the'thermovoltaics. 'The'

symmetric'capacitors'are'used'to'be'able'to'efficiently'dump'energy'into'

them'in'short'bursts'from'the'photovoltaics'and'thermovoltaics.

8/10/10'9:20 11/2/10'13:30

399


HSDAS'Unit 686 18258 a'liquidObath'solution

One'way'that'i've'been'looking'at'for'cooling'denselyOpacked'electronics'

is'to'immerse'the'components'in'a'bath'of'nonconducting'liquid'like'

Fluorinert'(which'the'old'Cray'computers'used)'or'even'highOgrade'mineral'

oil. 'A'small'refrigeration'unit'could'then'be'used'to'remove'the'

accumulated'heat,'but'the'equipment'temperature'would'only'change'

slowly'because'of'the'thermal'mass'of'the'coolant. 'The'fact'that'

you're'already'in'a'sealed'box'is'an'advantage'for'this,'and'the'refrigeration'

unit'could'be'Peltiers run'off'of'photovoltaics.

8/10/10'12:28 11/2/10'13:31


399


HSDAS'Unit 686 16798 Cooling'HSDAS'Unit

Just'some'thoughts'but'believe'it'will'work:

'

Add'a'reasonable'level'of'insulation'internal'and'external'to'the'

enclosure.'


399


HSDAS'Unit 686 18837 Question'about'requirements

Why'do'the'component'temperatures'have'to'stay'less'than'

80 degrees'F?'This'is'only'about'26'degrees'C.'In'my'study'of'

electronics'enclosures,'most'electronics'(even'in'high'power'switch'mode'

AC/DC'converters)'are'capable'of'running'at'temperatures'~100'degrees'

C.

Also,'what'is'the'nominal'expected'power'dissipation'inside'the'

enclosure?'I'thought'I'read'25W,'but'I'wasn't'sure'since'several'numbers'are'

tossed'around'in'the'problem'statement.

8/23/10'15:28 11/2/10'13:34

399


HSDAS'Unit 686 19127 Cooling'without'consumables

To'cool'objects'below'80F,'one'needs'a'cold'sink'below'

80F. 'The'most'obvious'cold'sink'is'the'sky,'that'portion'of'the'

viewable'atmosphere'not'subtended'by'the'hot'sink'of'the'sun,'about'40F'at'

this'latitude'if'I'm'not'mistaken. 'A'single'radiator'panel'with'0.5'm2'

area'could'dump'as'much'as'35W,'leaving'a'15F'differential'to'drive'heat'

into'the'radiator'from'the'electronics. 'A'simple'cylindrical'shield'

around'the'box'would'help'to'not'only'block'convection'but'also'block'the'

view'to'trees'and'buildings'which'are'considerably'warmer'than'40F,'lined'

on'the'inside'with'low'emissivity'foil'to'reduce'its'own'penalty. '

A'mirror'or'a'photovoltaic'panel'should'be'used'on'the'side'which'faces'

south'where'the'sun'is'highest'in'the'sky'in'the'middle'of'the'

day. 'There'is'a'mass'penalty'but'no'consumables'of'water'or'

electricity. 'The'system'is'fueled'by'temperature'differences'

and'works'hardest'when'the'temperature'differences'are'the'

highest.

Using'a'special'radiator'coating'with'low'solar'emissivity'and'high'

infrared'emissivity'instead'of'a'mirror'facing'the'sun'would'further'increase'

the'heat'rejection'of'the'system. 'The'night'sky'is'even'colder'at'O22F'

and'could'help'to'start'the'day'off'with'HSDAS'considerably'lower'than'

80F.

8/23/10'16:36 11/2/10'13:34

399



Cooling'of'a'SelfOcontained'

Portable'HSDAS'Unit

Remove'the'encasing'to'assure'hydrogen'explosion'proofing. '

Instead'use'a'nitrogen'purge'and'ventilation'system'that'turns'on'if'a'

hydrogen'sensor'detects'hydrogen. 'Use'this'to'remove'all'oxygen'and'

the'hydrogen'will'not'be'able'to'burn'even'if'present.

8/24/10'15:51 11/2/10'13:35


399



Cooling'of'a'SelfOContained'

Portable'HSDAS'Unit


399


HSDAS'Unit 686 23709 Stirling'cooler

One'of'the'more'efficient'cooling'technologies'utilizes'the'Stirling'cycle.'It'

is'compact,'quiet,'and'much'more'efficient'than'thermoelectric'systems.'

Coleman'made'a'12'V'Stirling'cooler'that'sold'for'$400'(not'sure'if'it'is'still'

available)'http://tent.blogrica.com/2010/06/28/checkOoutOcolemanOstirlingO

powerOcoolerOwithOfreeOacOadaptorOincludedOforO359O95/

9/2/10'12:50 11/2/10'13:40

399


HSDAS'Unit 686 16670 RE:Try'an'Exair'cabinet'cooler

'The'Exair'coolers'are'certified'for'Class'I'Division'2'Group'B'environments,'

and'I'have'successfully'employed'the'cabinet'coolers'under'other'

projects. 'The'Exair'vortex'coolers'have'worked'excellently'in'the'test'

facilities,'but'within'this'particular'application'portability'is'a'concern. '

The'vortex'coolers'efficiently'produce'a'concentrated'point'of'high'cooling,'

but'the'systems'require'a'large'quantity'of'compress'gas'to'produce'a'small'

amount'of'chilled'gas. 'Relatively'speaking,'the'cabinet'coolers'are'not'

efficient'enough'(650BTU/h'with'10'SCM'@'100psi)'to'sustain'a'small'

portable'system'for'long'duration.' A'KOtype'nitrogen'bottle'driving'an'

Exair'vortex'cooler'could'only'cancel'out'the'equipment'heat'load'for'about'

3'hours. 'This'doesn’t'consider'any'heating'from'the'external'

environment. '

11/2/10'13:27 11/2/10'13:27

399



RE:Cooling'of'SelfO'Contained'

HSDAS'Unit.

'The'Class'I'Division'2'Group'B'classification'involves'environments'that'could'

be'temporarily'exposed'to'explosive'levels'of'hydrogen'gas. '

The'classification'essentially'prohibits'any'possible'ignitions'sources'within'

the'classified'area. 'This'excludes'the'use'of'most'fans,'and'the'

equipment'for'the'HSDAS'system.' Any'equipment'in'the'area'

must'be'certified'for'use'in'a'Class'I'Division'2'Group'B'environment. '

According'to'the'classification,'there'are'only'a'few'safe'ways'for'housing'

unclassified'equipment'within'the'area.' The'equipment'must'

be'contained'in'an'explosive'proof'enclosure.' Heat'transfer'from'

within'the'enclosure'to'the'external'environment'must'be'performed'

through'the'enclosure'with'out'compromising'its'explosive'proof'

classification.' Additionally,'the'use'of'a'solar'screen'or'canopy'over'

the'system'would'help,'but'it'does'not'address'any'heating'effects'from'the'

internal'equipment.

11/2/10'13:28 11/2/10'13:28


399



RE:Solution'to'Cooling'of'a'SelfO

Contained'Portable'H...

'Yes,'I'believe'a'solar'powered'134a'active'vaporOcompression'refrigeration'

system'may'be'a'good'technological'means'for'achieving'the'required'

cooling,'but'the'system'must'be'safe'for'use'in'a'Class'I'Division'2'Group'B'

environment. 'The'solar'panels'would'address'the'systems'

power'consumption,'and'they'can'be'economically'configured'for'use'in'the'

explosive'environment. 'The'compressor'and'other'related'

components'could'also'be'internally'housed'in'the'explosive'proof'enclosure,'

but'the'external'heat'exchanger'would'have'to'remain'in'the'explosive'

environment. 'Furthermore,'this'portion'of'the'system'would'

have'to'be'made'safe'for'the'hydrogen'environment. 'The'photos'on'

the'web'link'indicate'the'system'presently'utilizes'an'external'fan. '

This'would'have'to'be'redesigned. 'Maybe'an'explosive'safe'system'

could'be'constructed,'if'convection'alone'were'capable'of'dissipating'the'

heat'into'the'surrounding'atmosphere'without'thermally'going'above'the'

hydrogen'ignition'thresholds.'Overall,'the'effort'involved'in'redesigning'the'

system'may'be'economically'prohibitive,'and'a'more'direct'process'for'

transferring'the'internal'heat'to'the'external'environment'is'preferred.

11/2/10'13:29 11/2/10'13:29

399



RE:Cooling'of'a'SelfOContained'

Portable'HSDAS'Unit

'This'is'similar'to'the'initial'thoughts'on'performing'the'required'

cooling. 'A'solar'powered'thermovoltaic'(thermoelectric)'system'was'

conceived'for'transferring'heat'out'of'the'enclosure'rather'then'producing'

power. 'The'photovoltaic'and'thermovoltaic'devices'could'be'

economically'configured'for'use'in'the'Class'I'Division'2'Group'B'explosive'

environments. 'Additionally,'a'thermovoltaic'system'could'be'

electrically'outfitted'with'a'thermal'management'control'that'prevents'the'

external'plates'from'thermally'going'above'the'hydrogen'ignition'

thresholds.

'However,'the'Coefficient'Of'Performance'(COP)'for'thermovoltaic'devices'is'

only'0.3'to'0.6. 'This'is'about'one'sixth'the'amount'of'traditional'vaporO

compression'refrigerators.' The'low'endOtoOend'performance'would'

rapidly'be'overwhelmed'by'heating'effects. 'Harvesting'solar'energy'

would'only'help'negate'the'energy'loss'due'to'the'thermovoltaic'

inefficiencies.' Moreover,'the'large'thermal'differential'needed'

for'producing'power'with'thermovoltaic'devices'is'an'issue.'

Concentrating'heat'from'the'system'and'surrounding'is'not'a'trivial'

task. 'A'thermovoltaic'device'externally'attached'to'microchannel'

cooling'loops'may'be'able'to'recover'small'amounts'of'energy,'but'the'

internal'temperatures'must'be'significantly'higher'then'external'

temperatures'for'any'noteworthy'amounts'of'power'generation. 'As'

the'internal'temperature'increases'the'thermovoltaic'power'production' 11/2/10'13:30 11/2/10'13:30


399


HSDAS'Unit 686 16670 RE:a'liquidObath'solution

'Internal'aluminum'plating'should'provide'adequate'thermal'coupling. '

It'is'a'manner'of'efficient'thermal'transference'from'the'interior'of'the'

enclosure'to'the'external'environment'rather'then'efficient'thermal'coupling'

to'the'equipment. 'The'key'to'the'problem'is'an'effective'refrigeration'

unit'classified'for'use'in'Class'I'Division'2'Group'B'environments.

'Yes,'a'larger'internal'mass'would'help'in'distributing'the'thermal'energy'and'

act'as'a'good'thermal'accumulator. 'This'would'also'help'take'

advantage'of'the'day'to'night'thermal'cycle,'and'the'larger'mass'would'

produce'more'of'an'average'steady'state'temperature. 'However,'this'

won’t'address'the'fundamental'issue'of'transferring'heat'to'the'

external'atmosphere. 'Furthermore,'it'isn’t'feasible'to'immerse'

the'system'components'in'a'bath.

11/2/10'13:31 11/2/10'13:31

399


HSDAS'Unit 686 16670 RE:Cooling'HSDAS'Unit

'I'am'a'firm'believer'in'using'a'KISS'system'when'possible.' Exclusively'

employing'a'thermal'system'without'integrating'energy'conversion'would'be'

ideal.' More'specifically,'it'would'be'preferable'to'exploit'a'primarily'

mechanical'control'for'thermally'transferring'heat'to'the'external'

environment'while'keeping'the'thermal'energy'as'thermal'energy. '

Converting'the'thermal'energy'into'electrical'energy'(or'vice'versa)'will'have'

significant'energy'losses. 'It'would'be'nice'to'use'this'favorably,'but'

unfortunately'the'energy'losses'seem'to'be'working'against'removing'heat'in'

this'situation. 'Utilizing'thermally'stored'energy'in'a'substance'such'as'

ice'seems'to'be'a'good'idea. 'I'have'been'leaning'towards'using'liquid'

nitrogen'as'a'cooling'and'purging'agent'with'some'kind'of'a'boilOoff'control.'

'Utilizing'some'kind'of'evaporator'is'a'good'efficient'way'to'remove'heat'out'

of'an'object'into'the'surrounding'environment. 'But,'this'can'be'

problematic'around'electrical'equipment. 'High'internal'

moisture'levels'can'be'damaging'to'the'HSDAS'equipment,'and'external'

humidifiers'difficult'to'employ'in'our'high'humidity'coastal'

environment. 'Similar'to'water'evaporation,'LN2'boilOoff'can'efficiently'

remove'heat'out'of'an'object'into'the'surrounding'environment,'and'it'is'

more'compatible'with'electrical'equipment.

11/2/10'13:32 11/2/10'13:32


399


HSDAS'Unit 686 16670 RE:cooling'HSDAS'Unit

'Relatively'speaking,'environmental'heating'effects'are'long'heating'periods,'

and'KObottles'incapable'of'sustaining'a'vortex'cooler'for'appropriate'

durations.

'A'combination'of'external'heat'mitigation'techniques'can'be'employed'to'

help'reduce'the'heat'load;'however,'an'active'heat'removal'system'will'be'

necessary.

11/2/10'13:33 11/2/10'13:33

399



RE:Question'about'

requirements

'Power'systems'do'seem'to'have'a'little'higher'operational'temperature'then'

other'electrical'equipment. 'However,'the'life'of'electronic'

equipment'(particularly'integrated'circuitry)'is'dramatically'reduced'when'

operating'the'systems'in'heated'environments. 'Manufactures'

normally'specify'the'nominal'operational'temperature'below'85'degrees'

F.

11/2/10'13:34 11/2/10'13:34

399



RE:Cooling'without'

consumables

'Yes,'I'believe'the'sky'is'the'best'accessible'cold'sink,'and'it'should'be'able'to'

handle'the'expected'heat'loads'without'saturating'the'local'

vicinity. 'I'am'under'the'impression'that'a'plate'heat'exchanger'

is'one'of'the'most'efficient'heat'exchangers'available. 'A'

procurable'high'efficient'heat'transferring'system'classified'for'use'in'a'Class'

I'Division'2'Group'B'environment'and'easily'mountable'in'a'mobile'enclosure'

would'be'perfect. 'The'level'of'effort'required'to'design'and'construct'

a'custom'plate'heat'exchanger'is'out'of'scope'for'this'project,'but'the'

modification'of'a'preexisting'system'may'be'achievable. 'I'can'image'a'

common'oil'filled'plate'space'heater'with'the'heating'elements'replace'with'

a'thermal'heat'sink'apparatus.

11/2/10'13:34 11/2/10'13:34


399



RE:Cooling'of'a'SelfOcontained'

Portable'HSDAS'Unit

'It'is'common'practice'and'acceptable'to'employ'nitrogen'purged'NEMA'4X'

enclosures'for'meeting'the'required'Class'I'Division'2'Group'B'explosive'

classification. 'But,'the'purge'system'must'be'actively'

monitored'at'all'times'with'alarming'status. 'This'is'achieved'

throughout'the'test'facilities'with'a'site'wide'nitrogen'purge'system. '

Tying'into'this'system'is'not'practical'on'a'mobile'system. 'So,'the'

mobile'unit'will'have'to'be'outfitted'with'a'self'purging'system,'purge'

monitoring,'and'alarming. ' The'purge'system'must'be'

monitored'with'external'indication'even'if'the'system'loses'electrical'

power. ' This'portion'of'the'effort'has'already'been'

designed.

11/2/10'13:35 11/2/10'13:35

399



RE:RE:Cooling'of'a'SelfO

Contained'Portable'HSDAS'Unit

'

'Yes,'using'the'ground'as'a'thermal'sink'is'not'practical. 'Additionally,'

no'specifications'were'made'for'drawing'power'from'the'internal'power'

supply'in'attempt'to'reduce'restrictions,'and'encourage'proposing'

solutions. 'Furthermore,'the'system’s'power'system'

could'conceivably'be'modified'to'reasonably'accommodate'a'thermal'control'

system.

11/2/10'13:37 11/2/10'13:37

399




Portable'HSDAS'Unit

'Electricity'will'not'be'available'and'the'enclosure'will'be'on'a'role'around'

system'(not'mounted). 'It'is'not'practical'to'use'the'ground'as'a'

cold'sink. 'Besides,'the'surrounding'atmosphere'is'the'most'accessible'

cold'sink'and'it'should'be'adequate. ' This'approach'in'general'

could'be'achievable'with'a'custom'atmosphere'heat'exchanger.

11/2/10'13:37 11/2/10'13:37


399




Portable'HSDAS'Unit'

'Modifying'a'commercial'product'could'be'a'fine'and'economical'

approach. ' However,'a'lot'of'these'systems'are'not'designed'to'

be'power'conservative,'but'a'few'use'sensibly'efficient'DC'

compressors/condensers.' It'is'my'impression'that'this'kind'of'

DC'system'has'a'short'life. 'I'have'seen'some'units'that'employ'electric'

heating'elements'in'the'condensers,'but'they'are'commonly'made'for'use'

with'propane'burners. 'The'electric'heating'elements'are'used'

only'when'electric'power'is'available. 'These'systems'

don’t'seem'to'work'very'long'on'battery'power. 'Some'of'the'

small'car'coolers'use'thermovoltaic'plates'(not'efficient).

11/2/10'13:39 11/2/10'13:39

399


HSDAS'Unit 686 16670 RE:Stirling'cooler

'This'looks'good. 'The'coleman'cooler'used'a'Free'Piston'Stirling'

Cooler'(FPSC)'module'made'by'Global'Cooling'

(www.globacooling.com). 'The'coleman'coolers'(400$)'are'currently'

unavailable. 'However,'the'FPSC'module'appears'to'be'available'as'

medical'transportation'units. 'The'medical'grade'systems'are'a'little'

pricey'(2,500$'to'10,000$),'but'Global'Cooling'has'a'line'of'bare'bones'PFSC'

modules'without'any'cooler'housings. 'They'are'made'for'integrating'

into'other'housings,'and'they'may'be'available'directly'from'Global'

Cooling. 'Global'Cooling'has'modules'for'obtaining'0C'to'O100C. '

The'0C'M150'module'is'about'5'by'11'inches'and'powered'by'12'volts.'

Additionally,'the'compact'modules'have'a'Coefficient'Of'Performance'

(COP)'of'2'and'they'are'only'about'5'pounds.' Furthermore,'the'FPSC'

modules'are'environmentally'friendly'and'they'seem'to'be'one'of'the'best'

matched'systems'available. 'The'coolers'are'not'classic'Stirling'

engines,'but'they'are'only'based'on'the'stirling'cycle. 'The'FPSC'is'a'

freeOpiston'machine'supported'by'nonOcontact'gas'bearings'and'driven'by'a'

linear'motor'for'cyclically'expanding'and'compressing'helium. 'The'

main'portion'of'the'unit'could'be'house'in'the'enclosure,'but'the'heat'

exchanger'would'need'some'design'work'for'use'in'a'Class'I'Division'2'Group'

B'explosive'environment. 'The'FPSC'normally'comes'with'a'thermal'fin'

heat'sink'as'the'external'heat'exchanger,'and'the'required'modification'to'

the'heat'sink'would'be'minimal. 'The'biggest'challenge'would'be'

mounting'the'FPSC'module'into'the'enclosures.

11/2/10'13:40 11/2/10'13:40

402

High'Temperature'Wire'Attachment'

Method 691 16679




402


Method 692 16679




402


Method 692 19102

High'Temp'Cu'wire'attachment'

Solution

Use'mechanical'force'to'clamp'wire'with'crimped'connector'to'contact'

pad. This'can'be'achieved'by'first'crimping'a'flat'connector'

with'hole'in'flat'to'22'AWG'wire. 'Crimp'may'be'soldered'to'connector'

for'extra'conductivity. 'Drill'or'punch'hole'in'Kapton'film'contact'pad,'

ensuring'that'enough'contact'metal'on'pad'to'make'good'mechanical'

contact'with'crimped'connector. 'Use'screw,'washers,'and'nut'to'

fasten'crimped'connector'to'contact'pad'at'point'where'hole'is'punched'in'

Kapton. 'Use'thread'adhesive'if'needed'to'keep'nut'from'

loosening.

8/23/10'16:06 8/25/10'14:17

402


Method 692 17048

RE:Discuss'the'challenge'and'

submit'your'solution

Have'you'considered'thermoOcompression'bonding?

8/23/10'16:06 8/23/10'16:06

402


Method 692 19581

High'Temp'Cu'wire'attachment'

solution

Have'you'tried'to'tig'weld'the'Cu'wires'to'the'Cu'pads? 'We'

have'successfully welded'copper'fittings'together'using'the'TIG'

welding'process.

8/23/10'16:10 8/25/10'14:16

402


Method 692 17703 High'Temperature'Bond

EP21TCHTO1'from'MasterBond '

http://www.masterbond.com/sg/masterbond_htsg.pdf 'good'

to'400F'(204C)'may'work.

Not'sure'why'you'cannot'solder'the'multistrand'wire'to'the'pad,'as'

indicated'by'QuangOViet'above.

8/23/10'16:15 8/23/10'16:15

402


Method 692 20280

Bonding'of'Copper'Wires'to'

Thin'Substrate

The'microelctronics'industry'attaches'wires'to'thin'substrates'using'a'

number'of'methods. 'One'method'is ultrasonic'welding.'The'

description'of'the'problem'and'its'application'seem'well'suited'to'ultrasonic'

welding. 'No'additional'materials'need'to'be'added'to'the'bond'joint,'

and'the'bond'is'dependent'upon'the'interaction'of'the'atoms'of'the'wire'and'

copper'film. 'Air'bubble'issues and'thermal'expansion'

mismatch should'be'removed'from'the'equation. The'problem'

owners'should'investigate'the'various'ultrasonic'welding'techniques'and'

processes'that'are'available'to'determine'if'there'is'one'that'will'work'for'

this'problem.

8/23/10'17:40 8/25/10'14:19

402


Method 692 20545

RE:High'Temp'Cu'wire'

attachment'Solution

Mechanical'should'be'the'way'to'go'if'soldering'isn't'possible'(although'it'

should'be,'the'Cu'coating'may'need'to'be'thicker'on'the'pad.) 'A'small'

clamp'of'some'sort'with'a'footprint'similar'in'size'to'the'pad. 'Teeth'

on'2'out'of'3'edges'of'the'clamp'could'hold'it'in'place'while'reducing'the'

chances'of'pullout.

8/23/10'17:43 8/23/10'17:43

402


Method 692 21470

High'tempCu'wire'attachment'

solution

Try'a'copper'alloy'with'1'percent'and'also'3'percent'tungsten.

8/24/10'10:54 8/24/10'10:54


402


Method 692 21520 HighOtemp'wire'attachment

'This'method'

would'require'a'cure'at'a'minimum'temperature'of'150C.


402


Method 692 17565 Solution'from'auto'industry

'

8/31/10'7:59 8/31/10'7:59

402


Method 692 17565 Layout'wire'without'Joints

Another'approach'is'to'not'have'a'joint'at'all. 'Instead'from'

a'shape'out'of'insulated'wire'in'serpentine'pattern. 'A'24'or'26'gauge'

wire'would'be'better'suited.

8/31/10'8:12 9/3/10'7:28

402


Method 692 16679 RE:Layout'wire'without'Joints

We'need'voltage'resistance'up'to'10'kV,'not'1'kV.

8/31/10'10:01 8/31/10'10:01


402


Method 692 16840 Using'a'rivet'approach

I'believe'that'this'is'a'very'similar'scenario'as'that'of'grounding'

MLI blanketing'materials. 'MLI blanketing'consists'of'thin'

mylar'sheets'that'have'a'simliar'1000O2000'angstrom'aluminum'layer'

deposited'on'them'which'all'must'be'grounded'for'ESD'reasons. 'One'

way'this'is'done'is'to'bascially'take'aluminum'foil'and'fold'it'into'an'

accordion'shape,'and'then'slide'each'layer'of'the'blanket'into'a'

corresponding'fold'of'the'foil. 'You'then'pass'a'rivet'through'this'to'

clamp'all'of'the'layers'together'and'just'have'the'wire'attached'to'the'rivet'

on'one'end'as'a'pigtail. 'You'can'use'a'rivet'that'allows'for'a'

decent'amount'of'surface'area'to'be'included'in'the'clamp,'this'is'somehting'

that'could'be'experimented'with. 'The'best'part'is'that'no'epoxies'are'

required,'and'there's'really'no'sensitivity'to'temperature. 'You'could'

probably'even'implement'two'joints'per'sheet'or'something'as'well'for'

redundancy.

You'could'use'copper'foil'to'keep'everything'uniform'as'well. '

Should'be'an'easy'method'to'try'out'in'a'lab'to'make'some'continuity'

measurements'with'as'well'as'some'mechanical'stress'tests,'etc.

9/2/10'9:27 9/2/10'9:27

402


Method 692 17565 RE:Layout'wire'without'Joints

Here'is'a'simple'sketch'of'a'possible'layout. 'Note'that'the'wire'is'

layed'out'in'a'manner'to'reduce'inductance'but'some'inductance'will'

remain.

9/3/10'7:21 9/3/10'7:21

402


Method 692 17565

RE:RE:Layout'wire'without'

Joints

The'

biggest'consideration'is'whether'an'outer'ground'shield'is'required. '

This'shield'is'often'required'for'safety'on'HV wiring. 'The'shield'

would'also'help'limit'the'electric'field'to'the'area'of'the'pad'and'reduce'the'

field'around'the'cables.'This'shield'will'greatly'increase'both'the'size'and'

stiffness'of'the'wires.

Note'that'in'this'design'any'shield'would'have'

to'be'removed'starting'where'the'wire'first'meets'the'

pad.

9/3/10'7:28 9/3/10'7:28


402


Method 692 23804

High'temperature'wire'

attachment'method


402


Method 692 19731

Soldering,'Low'Temperature'

Copper'Bonding,'and'more

'I'have'discussed'some'things'to'consider'if'looking'at'soldering'as'an'option'

for'this'application'in'the'informal'discussion'in'the'attached'pdf.'

Copper'is'easy'to'solder'so'I'think'it's'a'good'option'to'test'for'

this'application.

'I'also'have'mentioned'and'referenced'a'couple'of'studies'in'regards'to'low'

temperature'bonding'of'copper'to'copper'for'use'with'organic'substrates.'

I'think'these'might'be'useful'if'it'is'found'that'soldering'has'

insufficient'mechanical'properties'or'requires'a'temperature'that'is'not'

workable'for'the'kapton'film.' It'sounds'like'there'has'been'a'lot'more'

work'in'this'field'than'just'what'I'referenced,'but'this'is'a'great'start.'

Copper'pillars'are'mentioned,'and'they'might'help'with'the'thin'

copper'layer'where'more'thickness'is'needed.

'Ultrasonic'welding'is'an'option,'but'I'see'the'kapton'being'an'issue'for'

clamping.

9/20/10'17:11 9/20/10'17:11

403

Responsive'Solar'Cell'for'Variable'

Environment'Power'Generation 693 16688




403





403





Have'you'considered'a'fresnel'lens'overlay? 'A'

fresnel'lens'would'allow'you'to'focus'light'onto'smaller'area,'thus'increasing'

efficiency. 'I'm'not'sure'whether'or'not'it'would'be'useful'for'tuning'to'

particular'wavelengths.

8/9/10'14:16 8/9/10'14:16

403






403


Environment'Power'Generation 694 17861 Infrared'solar'cells

Researchers'have'been'working'on'tapping'the'IR'as'well'as'the'UV'(more'

difficult)'portions'of'the'spectrum.

For'example'see:

8/12/10'14:22 8/24/10'11:05


403


Environment'Power'Generation 694 18777 NanoSemiconductor'Solar'Cells

The'Idaho'National'Lab'and'Idaho'State'University'are'working'on'both'

select'band'and'broadband'solar'cells'made'of'precision'nanoparticle'

semiconductors. 'See'following'websites.

http://www.gizmag.com/researchersOdevelopingOsolarO

technologyOthatOworksOatOnight/8574/

While'there'are'manufacturing'hurdles'yet'to'be'overcome,'in'a'space'

setting,'cost'may'be'less'important'than'weight'and'efficiency.

8/19/10'16:08 8/19/10'16:08


403


Environment'Power'Generation 694 17565 Smoothing'out'Solar'Power

There'is'now'an'enormous'burgeoning'market'on'Earth'for'electrical'

energy'storage'for'allOelectric'cars'and'to'smooth'out'alternative'energy'

generation,'especially'solar.

EEStor. They'have'a'

new'factory'down'in'Texas'that'will'make'Electrical'Energy'Storage'Units'

(EESU)'for'allOelectric'cars.


403


Environment'Power'Generation 694 17565 RE:Smoothing'out'Solar'Power

How'AllOElectric'Cars'Enable'Alternative'Energy


403



The'Solar'Forge'is'Available'

Now

Back'in'the'1970's'I'designed'a'system'for'building'solar'concentrators'for'

industrial'process'in'developing'nations'called'the'

Like'all'concentrators'it'was'only'cost' 8/21/10'13:27 9/3/10'10:26

403



RE:multiOlayer'solar'cell'

material'absorbs'different'...

Thank'you'for'the'PDF. 'This'is'a'conventional'approach'to'solving'

the'problem'that'we'talk'about'in'the'challenge'statement. '

We're'looking'for'something'different'from'this'kind'of'solution.'

8/24/10'11:05 8/24/10'11:05

403



RE:Electrostatic'Behavior'of'

Surfaces

Do'you'know'which'group'in'Israel?

8/24/10'11:05 8/24/10'11:05


403



RE:RE:Electrostatic'Behavior'of'

Surfaces

Quote'from'Pugel,'Diane'E.'(GSFCO5530)':'


403



wavelengths'vs'bandgaps'vs'

dopents

My'understanding'is'that'you'absorb'different'wavelengths'based'

primarily'on'the'bandgap'of'the'material'used

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