central asia - chapter 14:i -
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Central Asia- Chapter 14:i -
[Image source: http://www.bnf.fr/enluminures/manuscrits/aman6.htm]
Nomadic tribes from the steppes of central Asia invaded and conquered territories in eastern Asia, the Middle East, and eastern Europe between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1400.
[Image source: http://www.antoniomargheriti.com/images/Genghis%20khan/Genghis02.jpg]
These invaders were loosely organized into clans, or groups based on family ties.
[Image source: http://www.allaboutturkey.com/pic/nomad.jpg]
For their livelihood these nomads depended on the grazing animals.
[Image source: http://www.kailashzone.org/site_kailash/mtlake/choyang_photos/yaks.jpg]
Organized into cavalry units under powerful chiefs, these horseback
riding warriors becamea military threat
to their moreculturallydevelopedneighbors.
[Image source: http://www.douglasadams.com/dna/three_horse.jpg]
These invasions transformed the cultures of eastern Asia, the Middle
East, and eastern Europe.
[Image source: http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/UralAltai.GIF]
The Seljuk Turks
[Image source: http://www.allempires.com/empires/seljuk/seljuk1.htm]
The first people of the
steppes to engage in conquest were the Turks.
[Image source: http://www.archery.de/pic/images/seljuk.gif]
Turkish warriors were
hired as mercenaries by
the Abbasid government in Baghdad circa
800 A.D. [Image source: http://www.allempires.com/empires/seljuk/s
eljuk_warriors_enh.jpg]
The Turks soon became
powerful enough to control the
Abbasid government.
[Image source: http://www.allempires.com/empi
res/seljuk/Sanjar.jpg]
Circa 1000 A.D. the Seljuk Turks moved into the Middle East, where they restored the Sunni caliphate.
[Image source: http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/Image/arab.gif]
The Seljuk Turks soon gained controlof the main trade routes connectingAsia, the Middle East, and Europe.
[Image source: http://www.asmrb.org/michaelb/TooBJourney.html]
The Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 A.D. when they invaded Anatolia.
[Image source: http://mek.oszk.hu/01900/01955/html/cd2a/kepek/history/to174fm90107a.jpg]
Turkish official with
two noblemen
[Image source: http://www.siue.edu/COSTUMES/PLATE1CX.HTML]
Turkish women.
[Image source: http://www.siue.edu/COSTUMES/PLATE1DX.HTML]
Byzantine Emperor Alexius
I Comnenus appealed to pope and monarchs of Western Europe for assistance in combating the Seljuk Turks.
[Image source: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/7823
/emperors/andron1.jpg]
The Seljuks eventually conquered Palestine, including the city of Jerusalem.
[Image source: http://www.ucalgary.ca/HIST/tutor/imageislam/seljuk1100.gif ]
Pope Urban II called for a crusade to
expel the Infidel from
the Holy Land.
[Image source: http://www.d-holliday.com/holysepulchre/His
tory.jpg]
Internal conflicts eventually
weakened the Seljuk Turks,
and they became victims of new
nomadic invaders from
central Eurasia.[Image source:
http://www.spongobongo.com/em/em9612.htm]
The Mongols
[Image source: http://www.soldatini.org/images/recensioni/zv8003_1.jpg]
The Mongols emerged as the dominant nomadic group of central
Eurasia circa the late-100s A.D.
[Image source: http://perso.wanadoo.fr/voyages-aventures/Mongols/mongol2.jpg]
The nomadic Mongols herded sheep, horses, and yaks (long-haired oxen).
[Image source: http://www.mit.edu/~jtidwell/nepal/tengboche-yaks-large.jpg]
The Mongols dwelled in movable tents called yurts.
[Image source: http://www.freewebs.com/ancientcivilizatios/ancientciviilizations4-1.gif]
The Mongols were originally divided into a number of clans.
[Image source http://www.raphaelk.co.uk/web%20pics/China/first/Tian%20Shi%20Yurts.jpg]
The Mongols
were expert
horseback riding
warriors.[Image source:
http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/exhibit/mongols/images/ps025570_thum2.jpg]
A leader named
Temujin unified the scattered
clans under one ruler circa 1206
A.D.[Image source: http://ron.heavengames.com/gameinfo/nations/mongol/mongolhorde.jpg]
Temujin brought
together all of the laws and
created a standardized legal code for the Mongols known as the
yasa.[Image source: http://www.bass-sen.org.tr/yasa.jpg]
Mongol tribal chiefs began to plan military campaigns under the leadership of Temujin.
[Image source: http://www.mongoliatoday.com/issue/7/warriors.html]
Temujin organized Mongol warriors into a disciplined cavalry army.
[Image source: http://miniatures.de/img/ancients-4/dba-army-154-mongols.jpg]
Temujin was
recognized as khan, or “absolute
ruler.”[Image source:
http://www.ganesha.org/hall/gengkhan.jpg]
As Genghis Khan, or “universal ruler,” he set-out to conquer a large empire.
[Image source: http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Religion402/Lecture%20Six/MongolsGhengis1227.htm]
In 1211 A.D. the Mongols conqueredChina with an army of 100,000 horsemen.
[Image source: http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/images/04.gif]
The Mongols learned how to
conduct sieges
from the Chinese.[Image source:
http://www.allempires.com/empires/mongol/ae_siege1.jpg]
All of China was under the rule ofthe Mongol dynasty by 1279 A.D.
[Image source: http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty/dynasty-Yuan.jpg]
The Mongols continued to conquer a larger empire, even after Genghis Khan’s death in 1227 A.D.
[Image source: http://www.mit.edu/afs/athena/course/21/21h.580/www/timesatlas/p46_1.jpg]
Mongol forces under Ogadai
moved westward
threatening, Europe during the 1230s and
1240s A.D.[Image source: http://ron.heavengames.com/gameinfo/nations/mongol/ogedei.gif]
A Mongol army under the command of Batu conquered the Slavs of Eastern Europe.
[Image source: http://home.swipnet.se/roland/graphics/mongols.jpg]
Some Slavic peoples
languished under the
Mongol Yoke for almost two
hundred years.
[Image source: http://artmam.com/masterpiece/Fight_with_Tatar_Mo
ngols/images/fight_with_tatar_mongols_fr3.jpg]
This westward advance was halted when Ogadai died.
[Image source: http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Religion402/Lecture%20Six/MongolsEurope.jpg]
The Mongols used terror
to subdue the Middle East.
[Image source: http://ron.heavengames.com/gameinfo/na
tions/mongol/mongol.shtml]
The Mongol Helagu leader conquered Baghdad in 1258 A.D.
[Image source: http://enconv.org/pars_docs/refs/53/52164/52164_html_m384defa6.jpg]
[Image source: http://www.booksamillion.com/bam/covers/1/85/532/314/1855323141.jpg]
The Mongol advance was
finally arrested by
the Mamluks, a Muslim
military caste that ruled
Egypt.
The Mongols succeeded in creating the largest contiguous land empire in history.
[Image source: http://www.bartleby.com/67/images/mongol02.gif]
They controlled many of the important trade routes between the Orient and the Occident.
[Image source: http://www.theorientalcaravan.com/images/silk_road/mapasia.jpg]
Mongol rulers often assimilated into the cultures they conquered, making it easier for them to rule.
[Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG]
In places where Islam was the dominant religion, many Mongols became Muslims.
[Image source: http://www.ecoexpeditions.no/centralasia/uzbekistan/samarkand.JPG]
By the late-thirteenth century,
local rulers increasingly
became more
independent, and the Mongol empire
fractured into separate dominions.
[Image source: http://www.history.ubc.ca/lshin/teaching/images/yuan/empire.gif]
In the late-1300s, a
Turkish-Mongol chief named Timur Lenk
rose to power.[Image source: http://members.aol.com/molniyafigs/timur1.jpg]
He extended his rule over neighboring tribes through warfare.
[Image source: http://www.romapage.hu/kultura/images/ismer070102timur.jpg]
The large empire he established in central Eurasia collapsed during the
1400s A.D. shortly after his death.
[Image source: http://www.illustratorsonline.com/kittredge/Samarkand.jpg]
His capital was the wealthy trading and craft center of Samarkand.
[Image source: http://www.greasy-spoon.org/images/tamerlane.jpg]
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