cell organelles. the work of cells cells must perform many important jobs for an organism to live:...
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Cell Organelles
The Work of Cells
Cells must perform many important jobs for an organism to live:
gas exchange: O2 in & CO2 out
digest food - - - breakdown macromolecules, starch into glucose
make energy --- breakdown glucose into ATP
build molecules - - - build macromolecules
remove wastes - - - CO2, water, lactic acid
Organelles do the work of cells Each organelle has a specific job
Organelles - are membrane-bound structures within the cell that have specific functions.
Eukaryotic cells contain specialized structures that perform specific functions.
The cell is like a factory. Cells, like factories, follow instructions and produce products.
General Motors Plant
The different organelles can be compared to the inassembly lines of the factory.
specialized machines
Which macromolecule is the workhorse of the cell?
PROTEINS
SEVERAL ORGANELLES ARE INVOLVED IN MAKING AND PROCESSING PROTEINS:NucleusNucleolusRibosomesEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusVesicles
Nucleus
Nucleus
large, round organelle located in the center of the cell.
DNA
DNA contains the genetic information, the instructions for making proteins.
The nucleus is the storehouse for DNA.
Function of the Nucleus:
(1) a storehouse ---DNA is stored and is available for use when needed. (2) a safe --- DNA is isolated and protected from possible damage.
The nucleus is like the in a factory.
main office
Prokaryotic Cells
but they do have DNA
have no nucleus and no organelles
Nucleolus
Nucleolus
organelle located inside the nucleus.makes ribosomes.
Ribosomes ---
Ribosomes
protein
protein machines!
small structures that make proteinsfor the cell.
Ribosomes make
Ribosomes
protein
proteins!
Ribosomes can be found: free in the cytoplasm
Where they make proteins for use inside the cell.
Ribosomes can be found: attached to the ER --- Rough ER
makes proteins that will be exported out of the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum-- ER an extensive interconnected network
of highly folded membranes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum-- ER
There are two types of ER: Rough ER – has attached ribosomes
and Smooth ER – has no ribosomes
Rough ER Function: To make proteins for export out of cell
What is the function of the small intestine? Digestion
What is the function of the pancreas?
What is the function of the pancreas?
To make digestive enzymes (proteins) to be transported out of the pancreas for use in the small intestine.
Pancreatic cells have a large amount of rough ER because they must make digestive enzymes (proteins) and export them to the small intestine.
Rough ER makes proteins for export out of cell
Proteins made by the attached ribosomes enter the ER, are modified, are put into vesicles, and are transported to the Golgi apparatus.
Smooth ER
--- Function: To makes lipids &to break down toxic substances.
There are many lipids
Smooth ER
Vesicle w/Lipid
Smooth ER makes lipids and the Golgi apparatus exports them out of cell to their proper destinations.
…fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Smooth ER also breaks down toxic substances such as alcohol, drugs, and poisons so they can be eliminated by the body.
Liver cells have large amounts of smooth ER.
Liver cells make cholesterol.
Liver cells also break down toxins so they can be expelled from the body.
cholesteroltoxins
A lipid
Golgi apparatus a set of flattened, membrane-bound sacs.
Golgi apparatus
Looks like a stack of pita bread
Golgi apparatus --- Post Office of the cell
Golgi apparatus
It is the packaging
and distribution center of the cell.
Proteins and lipids generally move from the ER to the Golgi apparatus.
In the Golgi, proteins and lipids are modified, packaged, and delivered to their appropriate destinations.
Golgi apparatus
FUNCTION:
The golgi apparatus ________________, ________________, and______________________________________
modifies proteinspackages proteinsdelivers proteins to their proper destinations.
Vesiclessmall, membrane-bound sacs that store and transport substances in the cell.
Substances such as proteins and lipids are stored and transported within vesicles.
Vesicles
SUMMARY:
(2)Part of the ER pinches off to form a vesicle enclosing the protein.
(3)The protein-vesicle travels to and merges with the Golgi.
(4)The protein is modified and packaged in a new vesicle for transport.
(1)A protein is made in rough ER. (1)
(2) (3)
(4)
OTHER ORGANELLES HAVE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS:
MitochondriaChloroplastsLysosomesVacuoles
Mitochondriaorganelles that make energy for the cell in the form of ATP.
Mitochondria
MitochondriaPowerhouse
of theCell
The mighty mitochondria
makes power---makes energy.
Mitochondria convert organic compounds you eat into ATP, the main energy source of cells.
ATP
Mitochondria Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
ATP
Where glucose is broken down to make energy, ATP.
Some cells have a few mitochondria… some have hundreds or even thousands.
Brain cells and muscle cells have a large amount of mitochondria because they require a lot of energy.
Chloroplast oval-shaped, green organelles
Chloroplast
found only in the cells of plants and algae.
Chloroplast contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs light energy.
Makes leaves GREEN!
Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis --- make food for the cell.
Photosynthesis:
CO2 + H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + O2
carbon dioxide glucose oxygenwater sunlight+ + +
Lysosomessmall membrane-bound sacs that contain enzymes used to digest macromolecules.
Lysosomes
REMEMBER…Lysosomes contain Enzymes!
Old or damaged organelle
lysosome
break down and recycle old cell parts (organelles) by breaking down macromolecules.
Function:
Lysosomes also defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses by engulfing and destroying the pathogens.
Amoeba engulfing food particles
Central vacuolevery large sac found in plant cells that stores water.
Central vacuole
When full, the water vacuole makes the cell rigid and helps support the plant. When a plant wilts, its leaves shrivel because there is not enough water in the central vacuole to support the leaf.
Structures found only in plant cells
(1) Cell wall
(2) chloroplast
(3) Central vacuole
Cell wall
Centralvacuole
Chloroplast
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