cat dissection
Post on 23-Feb-2016
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Cat Dissection By: Brigid Tracy; Haylee Alonso;
Jess Duthie; Nicole Chagachbanian, Hannah Grogan
Important Terms • Cranial- toward or pertaining to the head • Caudal- toward or pertaining to the tail or rear• Rostral- the most forward portion of the body• Dorsal- toward the back • Ventral- away from the back or toward the belly• Medial- toward the middle • Lateral- away from the middle• Proximal- the point nearest to the central axis • Distal- the point furthest from the central axis• Superficial- toward the surface• Deep- away from the surface• Superior- toward the top of a vertical plane
• Inferior- away from the top of a vertical plane
Tools • Blunt probe- very useful in tearing through connective tissue• Scissors- used to cut through skin, muscle• Scalpel- used to gently scrape away connective tissue • Needle probe- used as a pointer, or to attach the specimen to the dissecting tray • Forceps- used to grasp small objects and to remove connective tissue • Protective gear- because the preservative can be irritating to your skin and damage you clothes
Head and Neck• Pinnae(external ears)• Eyes• Superior palpebrae( upper eyelids)• Inferior palpebrae(lower eyelids)• Nostrils( external nares)• Vibrissae (whiskers)• Nicitating membrane- originates in the lower medial corner of the eye; transparent 3rd eyelid
Trunk • Thoracic region• Abdominal region• Pelvic region• Pectoral region- ventral side of thorax• Back- dorsal side of thorax• Nipples- ventral surface of trunk in thoracic and abdominal regions; 2 rows of paired nipples associated with mammary glands• Genital region- posterior end of the pelvic region in both sexes• Testes• Penis • Urogenital aperture- external opening to the vagina and urethra
Useful Terms • Flexion- decrease in the angle at the joint between articulating bones• Extension- decrease in the angle at a joint• Abduction- movement away from the body's midline• Adduction- movement toward the body’s midline• Rotation- movement around a central axis• Supination- lateral rotation of the hand upward• Pronation- medial rotation of the hand downward • Eversion- rotation of the sole of the foot outward• Inversion- rotation of the sole of the foot inward• Circumduction- rotation of a limb around a central axis
Limbs and Tail • Limbs- as a typical quadruped mammal, the cat has four limbs- two upper forelimbs and two lower hind limbs. • Tail- is covered with variable amounts of fur and is useful as a rudder and balance beam during locomotion
Skinning
Pectoralis Major
• Origin: cranial half of sternum
• Insertion: proximal third of the humerus
• Action: adduction of the forelimb
Pectoralis Minor
• Origin: six vertebrae or xiphoid process
• Insertion: ventral border of the humerus
• Action: adduction of the forelimb
External Oblique
• Origin: lumbodorsal fascia of the caudal ribs
• Insertion: sternum and along linea alba
• Action: compression of the abdomen
Internal Oblique
• Origin: lumbodorsal fascia of the caudal ribs
• Insertion: sternum and along the linea alba
• Action: compression of the abdomen
Transverse abdominis
• Origin: aponeurosis of the caudal costal cartilages, lumbar vertebrae, and ventral border of ilium
• Insertion: along linea alba
• Action: compresses the abdomen
Rectus Abdominis
• Origin: iliac crest• Insertion: cartilage
of the S’h-7’h ribs and the xiphoid
• Action: compresses the abdomen and flexes the trunk
Trapezius
• Origin: 7th thoracic vertebrae and thoracic vertebrae
• Insertion: acromion process, scapula, and clavicle
• Action: extends humerus, adducts scapula
Latissimus Dorsi
• Origin: 4th or 5th thoracic vertebrae to the 6th lumbar vertebrae
• Insertion: Medial surface of the humerus
• Action: pulls forelimb dorsocaudally
Sternomastoid
• Origin: cranial border of the manubrium
• Insertion: lamboidal ridge and mastoid process of the temporal bone
• Action: contraction by both will flex head; individual contraction will rotate head
Cleidomastoid
• Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
• Insertion: lamboidal ridge and mastoid process of the temporal bone
• Action: contraction by both will flex head; individual contraction will rotate head
Biceps Brachii
• Origin: scapula• Insertion: radius• Action: flexion of
the forearm, but also supinates the Manus and stabilizes the shoulder joint
Triceps Brachii
• Origin: lateral head of the humerus; long head (scapula); medial head (medial side of humerus)
• Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna
• Action: extension of antebrachium
Sartorius
• Origin: iliac crest• Insertion: fascia
surrounding the knee and tibia
• Action: adduction and rotation of the femur and extensions of the shank
Gracilis
• Origin: Ischium and pubis
• Insertion: thin Apo neurosis associated with the shank
• Action: adducts and retracts the thigh
Biceps Femoris
• Origin: one head in the cat; ischium
• Insertion: tibia and patella
• Action: abducts the thigh and flexes the shank
Semitendinosis
• Origin: ischium • Insertion: medial
surface of the tibia • Action: flexes lower
leg
Vastus Medialis
• Origin: shaft of the femur
• Insertion: tibia
Rectus Femoris
• Origin: ilium near acetabulum
• Insertion: tibia
Vastus Lateralis
• Origin: greater trochanter and shaft of femur
• Insertion: tibia
Gastrocnemius
• Origin: lateral head (patella/femur/tibia) medial head (femur)
• Insertion: Achilles tendon that attaches to calcaneus bone
• Action: extends the pes and flexes the antebrachium
Achilles tendon
Gluteus Maximus (smaller)
• Origin: transverse processes of the last sacral and first caudal verterbrae
• Insertion: greater trochanter of femur
• Action: abducts thigh
Gluteus Medius (bigger)
• Origin: iliac crest, last sacral vertebrae, 1’ caudal vertebrae
• Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur
• Action: abducts the thigh
External Intercostals
• Origin: cranial rib • Insertion: adjacent
caudal rib • Action: protraction
of the irbs, which is required for inspiration
Longissimus Dorsi
• Origin: spines of vertebrae; ilium
• Insertion: processes of more cranial vertebrae
• Action: extends the vertebral column
Gastrointestinal tract
Long winding tube that carries food through its length
Esophagus: Liver: Stomach: Small Intestine: Large intestine:
Accessory organsSupportive organs that lie outside the GI tract (teeth salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas)
Diaphragm
An internal muscular partition dividing the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Lingual frenulum
The ventral fold of tissue attaching the tongue to the floor of the mouth
Filiform
Sharp projections off of the cats tongue to give a friction surface for grooming
Esophagus
Long, muscular tube that transports swallowed materials from the pharynx to the stomach(behind trachea)
Mesentery
Double layer of peritoneum that extends from the visceral peritoneum of the small and large intestines to the dorsal abdominal wall
Liver
Prominent, dark-brown organ lying immediately deep to the diaphragm with most of its bulk on the right side
Gallbladder
Thin walled sac that receives newly manufactured bile from the liver for temporary storage
Stomach
J-Shaped enlargement of the GI tract; functions as a temporary reservoir for swallowed food
Small Intestine
Long winding tube that finalizes chemical digestion and is the only side for nutrient absorption
Large Intestine
Caudal portion of the GI tract; absorbs water from the contents that arrive from the small intestine, prepares and forms the feces
Rectum
Terminal segment of the large intestine
Pancreas
Located just below the greater curvature of the stomach; functions in the secretion of hormones that regulate blood sugar levels, secretion of digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate
Larynx
Box like structure composed of 5 cartilages that create a small chamber; houses the vocal cords which produces sound when exhaled air in channeled through
Trachea
Tubular air passageway extending from the larynx to the thoracic vertebra, where it divides
Lungs
Multi-lobed structures located lateral, cranial, and caudal to the heart; consists of many air-filled alveoli
Kidneys
Bean shaped organs partially embedded in fat against the dorsal body wall
Ureters
Narrow tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder at the base of the pelvic cavity
Urinary Bladder
Reservoir for urine; has the ability to expand
Thoracic Cavity
(or chest cavity) is the chamber of the human body (and other animal bodies) that is protected by the thoracic wall (thoraciccage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia).
Pleural Cavity
a closed space (like the inside of a balloon) within which the lung has grown. As the lung grows into the space, it picks up a layer of pleura (outside of balloon) and this is called the visceral pleura. The remainder of the pleura is called the parietal pleura.
Pericardial Cavity
or pericardial space) is a potential space between the parietal pericardium and visceral layer. It contains a supply of serous fluid. The serous fluid that is found in this space is known as thepericardial fluid.
Apex and Base
Base: The part of the heart formed mainly by the left atrium and to a lesser extent by the posterior part of the right atrium, directed backward and to the right, and separated from the vertebral column by the esophagus and aorta.Apex: the blunt extremity of the heart formed by the left ventricle
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