bunker fuel quality management today & tomorrow
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VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
Bunker Fuel Quality Management
Today & Tomorrow
Ian Workman
Account Manager
VPS Testing & Inspection Inc
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
• Over the past decade evolving Environmental Legislation has had more
impact on fuel quality than any other potential cause or effect.
• Decreasing Sulphur Limits have resulted in “Spikes” of Off-specification fuel
Immediately Before & Immediately After every Legislative Change:
• Decreasing sulphur limits have led to
• The development of new fuel types & grades, new lubricant oils
• Increased blending, greater use of cutter stocks, diluents & additives
• Greater awareness of the need for fuel management and monitoring of fuel
quality,
• Causing increasing-rate of revisions of the Marine Fuel Quality Std (ISO8217)
•May-06
•1.50%
Baltic ECA
•Nov-07
•1.50%
North Sea ECA
•Jul-10
•1.00%ECA Drop
Jan-12
3.50%
Global Cap Drop
Aug-12
1.00%
American ECA
Jan-15
0.10%ECA Drop
Jan-20
0.50%
Global Cap Drop
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
The Financial Cost of Environmental Change?
• The International Transport Forum at the OECD
stated:
• “The TOTAL increase in container shipping costs
due to the 2015 requirements amounted to USD
500 million.”
• “The 2020 requirements could add annual total
costs up to USD 30 billion for the container
shipping industry.”
• Shipping line OOCL has joined other major
container shipping companies in announcing plans
for a bunker recovery charge as a result of the
2020 sulfur cap which is estimated to cost the
shipping industry $60 billion each year.
• Forecasters are stating the price difference
between Distillate and HFO could rise to $400/mt
in 2020.
• A heavy increase in OPEX for anyone choosing the
Distillate Fuel option!!
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
Industry Fuel Forecasters:
0
0.5
1
1.5
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2.5
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3.5
4
4.5
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
million b
arr
els
/day
Global Marine Fuel Consumption
HFO Distillate
3 million barrel/day switch from HFO to Distillate in 2020
Marine accounted for 45% of global demand for HFO in 2015 & 3% of global distillate demand.
Marine will account for less than 25% of global HFO demand during 2020 & 10% of distillate
demand.
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
Global Fuel Quality
• Currently 15% of all residual fuels and
9% of all distillates fuels tested exceed
the ISO8217 test specification by at
least one parameter.
• In 2017 VPS released 58 “Bunker Alerts”
of which 36 (62%) were related to
Residual fuel & 22(38%) related to
Distillate fuel quality.
• Which was a 70% increase over 2016
Distillate Bunker Alerts and 30%
increase over 2016 Residual Bunker
Alerts.
• In 2017: There were more fuel issues in
Europe & Americas than AMEA.
• H1-2018: 33 Bunker Alerts
• 18 x Residual (55%), 15 x Distillate (45%)
• 14 x Americas, 13 x Europe, 6 x AMEA
• Key Parameters, Contaminants, Cat-Fines, FP
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
No.
of
Ale
rts
VPS Bunker Alerts by Test Parameter - 2017
Residual Distillate
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Residual Distillate Residual Distillate Residual Distillate Residual Distillate
Q1 Q1 Q2 Q2 Q3 Q3 Q4 Q4
No.
of
ale
rts
VPS Bunker Alert Volumes by Region - 2017
Americas Europe Middle East Asia
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
Fuel Choice Decisions?
• The choice of available marine fuels is
now greater than ever and will only
increase:
• ISO8217:2017 – Distillates
• DMA, DFA, DMB, DFB, DMX, DMZ, DFZ
• ISO8217:2017 – Residuals
• RMA10, RMB30, RMD80, RME180, RMG180, RMG380,
RMG500, RMG700, RMK380, RMK500, RMK700
• Other Fuels:
• ULSFOs – Hybrids eg HDME50
• LNG – Methane, Ethane, Propane
• Methanol, Ethanol
• 100% Bio-fuel
• Other Power Sources:
• Solar
• Wind
• Fuel Cells
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
Residual Fuels
• At present Residual fuels remain the largest volume fuel products used on board. Therefore
generates the largest number of technical issues on ships
• Following the demise of 1.0% m/m Sulphur residual fuels(end of 2014), HFO quality improved
due to reduced blending. But since 2016 there has been a continuing rise in quality issues.
• From 2020, HFO demand will dramatically decrease, but to what level will be influenced by
the degree of Residual/Distillate Blending & take up of “scrubber” technology.
• Whatever the level, the current fuel management issues will still be relevant
• Therefore all ISO8217 Parameters will still require monitoring.
• Currently 15% of Residual Fuels tested exceed the specification of at least one ISO8217 test
parameter
• Fuels may achieve the ISO8217 Specifications, but can still cause operational problems, due
to the presence of materials not specifically covered by ISO8217.
• VPS are pioneers and leaders of additional testing services from both a pre & post-burn
perspective.
• Such additional testing and operational advice, provides ship owners and operators with more
detailed information regarding their fuel allowing them to take the necessary fuel
management actions required to protect their assets.
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
Forensic Detection of Fuel Contaminants
• The increase in Number & Types of Fuel in 2020 will see a wider
use of Diluents, Cutter Stocks, Additives, Blending.
• All the above can alter the fuels chemistry, and have a potential
destabilising effect, or damaging side-effects.
• Original Fuel source and refining also influences fuel quality:
• Eg Crude type and region, Shale Oil, Tall Oil
• There will be an increase in fuel quality issues.
• Estimated Average Cost of each fuel Mgmt issue = $300K
• Laboratories are now using many high-end analytical techniques
and methods to identify the cause of fuel problems:
• Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GCMS): Chemical Screening,
Extended Head-Space, Acid Extraction, Vacuum distillation, DI.
• Fourier Transform Infrared – (FTIR), Solids contamination, Polymers
• Microscopy – Solids and polymer identification
• Separability No., Reserve Stability No. (RSN) – Compliment TSP/TSA/TSE
• CHNO Analysis (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen)
• Steel Corrosion
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
Where Do Contaminants Come From?
• Fuel Blending• Cutter Stocks to achieve Sulphur
specifications
• Shale Oil
• FAME
• Bio-Materials• Automotive fuels
• Heating Fuels
• FAME
• Bio-Waste
• Cross-contamination• Fuel Supply Chain
• Adulteration• Waste Chemical Disposal
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
Potential Fuel ContaminantsChemical Group Comment
CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBONS
Chlorinated hydrocarbons do not originate from any refinery processes and are therefore an indication
that the fuel is possibly contaminated. Based on VPS experience, these contaminants may result in
damages to fuel injection equipment.
ALDEHYDEAldehydes do not originate from normal petroleum refining and are therefore an indication that the
fuel is possibly contaminated. Based on VPS experience, these contaminants may result in damages to
fuel injection equipment.
ALCOHOLAlcohol does not originate from normal petroleum refining. Based on VPS experience, these
contaminants may result in increased sludge formation and possibly laquering and/or deposit
formation.
STYRENESStyrenes do not originate from normal petroleum refining but are known to be present in some blend
stocks for fuel oils. Based on VPS experience, these contaminants may result in increased sludge
formation and possibly laquering and/or deposit formation.
TERPENESTerpenes do not originate from any refinery processes and are therefore an indication that the fuel is
possibly contaminated. Based on VPS experience, these contaminants may result in increased sludge
formation and /or damages to fuel injection equipment.
CYCLOPENTADIENEDCPD does not originate from normal petroleum refining but are known to be present in some blend
stocks for fuel oils. Based on VPS experience, these contaminants may result in increased sludge
formation and possibly laquering and/or deposit formation.
PHENOLSPhenols do not originate from normal petroleum refining. Based on VPS experience, these
contaminants
may result in increased sludge formation and /or damages to fuel injection equipment.
KETONESKetones do not originate from any refinery processes and are therefore an indication that the
fuel is possibly contaminated. Based on VPS experience, these contaminants may result in
damages to fuel injection equipment.
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
Quality Issues - HOUSTON
• Jan-May of this year saw over 100 vessels suffered fuel pump failure issues from
fuel supplied in Houston
• VPS investigated fuel-pump failures for 50 vessels on our testing programme!!
• VPS Bunker Alerts were released, 26th April, 29th May, 25th June.
• The contaminated fuel is not single supplier specific.
• 10 suppliers
• 20 Delivery Barges
• Indications suggest Upstream somewhere between Refinery but before final supplier?
• VPS: the first testing company to identify the cause.
• 4-Cumyl Phenol found in over 40 samples from Houston bunkered fuel.
Concentration range 300-1000ppm.
• It was detected by VPS “In-house” proprietary method utilising Acid Extraction/Gas
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry.
• Findings were Verified in two VPS laboratories (Singapore & Fujairah)
• Verified 4-cumyl phenol only seen in Houston fuels.
• 4-cumyl phenol is used to manufacture resins and emulsifiers due to its “sticky”
properties.
• Phenolic compounds have been found in fuel since 2007. All resulted in sticking fuel
pumps.
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
Other Quality Issues
• Gulf of Mexico
• Corpus Christi
• Sludging of Fuel/filter blocking
• 4 vessels with Petroleum Coke contamination
• Panama
• Poly-methacrylate found in fuel via solids contamination analysis, causing
sticking fuel pumps.
• Plus 20 vessels affected by Houston-type contaminants
• Singapore
• 10 vessels affected by Houston-type contaminants
• Are these cases a sign of quality issues to come before and after 2020?
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
Distillate Fuel Quality
• Fuel Change-over issues• Low viscosity issues • Hydro-desulphurisation Decreased Lubricity Reduced Stability• Wax Precipitation due to Cold-flow properties• Low Flash Point • FAME• Microbial contamination• Distillate quality problems are becoming much
more common with increased demand.
The perception has been, Distillates are
“Problem Free”???
Not All Distillates are Low in Sulphur and require some
degree of treatment.
Currently 9% of all distillates fuels tested exceed the
ISO8217 test specification for at least one parameter.
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
ULSFO/Hybrids
• The principle purpose of these new grades was to provide a fuel that met the
ECA sulfur limit but had a relatively high viscosity, overcoming the potential
risks associated with very low viscosity gas oils
• A significant characteristic of some of these new ECA fuels is that the cold
flow properties, stability and compatibility, could present a challenge on
some ships.
• Like New ECA fuels these could be Blended products (ULS distillates + LS
residues)
• Hydro treated vacuum gas oils
• Hydrocracker fractionator bottoms
• Blending residual components with proportions of distillates could result in
Reserve Stability issues and sludging.
• Possible Operational Issues: Avoid mixing with any other fuel in storage tanks /
Use empty tanks or ensure tanks are drained as much as possible before loading a new
fuel/ Ensure heating requirements are feasible for the vessel / New fuel should not be
used before analysis results are known.
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
Testing Recommendations
• Residual Fuels
• ISO8217:2010/12,17
• Chemical Screening (GCMS-HS)
• Separability Number (RSN)
• TSA/TSE
• Asphaltenes
• Fuel System Checks
• Distillate Fuels
• ISO8217:2010/12,17
• Cold-Flow (CP, CFPP)
• Lubricity (Sulphur<500ppm)
• FTIR – Bio/FAME
• Emergency Equipment Testing
• VLSFO’s/ULSFO’s
• Since 2015 tested to RMD80 spec.
• Depends upon constituent make-up of fuel.
• Can be a mix of the Residual & Distillate tests
• Compatibility & stability always a concern.
• No ISO8217 Specification at present
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
ISO-8217:2017 Edition
5.2 The fuel shall be free from any material at a concentration that causes the
fuel to be unacceptable for use in accordance with Clause 1 (i.e. material not at
a concentration that is harmful to personnel, jeopardizes the safety of the ship,
or adversely affects the performance of the machinery).
Your shield against chemically contaminated
fuels.
Review Your Purchasing Contract Terms and
Language
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
2020-Lubricant Oil Considerations• Two fluids go into an engine: Fuel & Lubricating oil
• Therefore its important to monitor the quality and condition of both to avoid “Damage”
• S in fuel can form SO2 & SO3 during combustion. H2O within the scavenging air and
the combustion process reacts to form H2SO4.
• Important to monitor/control any damaging effects of acidity and alkalinity.
• Most modern 2-stroke engines designed for operation on HSFO.
• Cylinder oil used must have a high enough base number to neutralize the acidity.
• If the acid is not neutralised, corrosion of iron will occur and this is the primary cause of corrosive
wear for liners and piston rings.
• Conversely using ULSFO produces less H2SO4 during the combustion process.
• If BN of cylinder oil is too high, the oil could be too alkaline
• then compounds can be formed which may also cause damage.
• Alkaline deposits on piston crowns can damage oil film between the piston ring and
liner, leading to scuffing and seizures. Also deposits form between the piston rings &
pistons, preventing free movement of piston rings and increased liner wear.
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
Summary• So…Heading towards 2020 & Beyond…
• Fuel Management Challenges will increase and become more complex.
• We are already seeing a major rise in fuel quality issues, which will only continue.
• Wider range/choice of fuels available with many technical considerations.
• The choice of fuel will have many financial implications and considerations.
• Key factors will be Availability & Price, Supply & Demand
• Lubricating Oil choice will also affect operations.
• Fuel and Lubricant quality & condition should be monitored in parallel.
• Every fuel type has its pro’s & con’s
• Work with a Fuel & Oil Management Partner to effectively measure and monitor
fuel & lube quality, to improve operational efficiency, protect your assets, comply
with legislation and ultimately save money!!
VPS – NEP&I: Fuel Quality & 2020 (Oct 2018)
YOUR FUEL MANAGEMENT PARTNER
Thank you for your attention!
+1 914 705 3762
Ian.Workman@v-p-s.com
www.v-p-s.com
Questions?? Please drop me an e-mail
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