bread or fuel cimate imapct from arable land -...

Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet www.slu.se

Bread or fuel– Cimate imapct from arable land

Elin Röös and Hanna Karlsson Department of Energy and Tehnology

SLU, Uppsala

Which product is most environmentally friendly?

Source: www.torebrings.se

Source: www.living green.se

Source: www.sr.se

Not only climate

• General about climate, agriculture

and land use

• Climate impact from agriculture,

what is most important?

• Dietary habits and climate impact

• Biofuels and the relation to land use

and food production

Outline!

Climate impact from farmland Is that really something to care about?

History of food production

Global climate impact

Human land use

Global land use

• 38% of the land surface (total area) is agricultural land • 11% is arable land • 70-80% of the agricultural land is used for animal production • 33% of the arable land is used for fodder production • 50-60% of the grain produced in EU is used for feed

Land use in Sweden

Agricultural lands 8%

Forest 53%

Urban areas 3%

Other 1%

Weetlands or peatlands

Natural grasslands

Mountains and other land

Water 9%

Arable land 86%

Pastures and ley

Agriculture land

Source: Statistics Sweden (2013) and the Swedish board of

agriculture (2010)

Land use in Sweden

Plant production

Koldioxid

700 g wheat = energy for one person one day

1 square meter arable land

Climate gases Acidifying emissions etc.

Toxic substances Eutrophying substances etc.

Animal husbandry

Koldioxid

Emissions

Koldioxid

Emissions

50 g pork

Climate impact from plant production and animal husbandry

Carbon dioxide

Bild ko

Nitrous oxide Methane

Largest emissions but hardest to affect

Climate impact from Swedish agriculture

Source: www.matochklimat.se

Agriculture 13%

Housing 7%

Industry 26%

Electricity and heat 13%

Transports (within

Sweden) 32%

Waste 3%

Other 6%

CO2 from organic soils

CO2 and CH4 animal

husbandry 23%

CH4 and N2O from manure

N2O arable land 32%

CO2 diesel and oil

CO2 liming 1%

Agriculture

Climate impact from global agriculture– 10-12%

Source: IPCC (2007)

Nitrous oxide emissions from arable lands

• Nitrous oxide emissions depend on amount of N in the soil, access to oxygen, SOC, temperature etc. • Large uncertainties– approx. 1% of added N • Nitrous oxide 300 times stronger GHG than carbon dioxide

Methane from animal husbandry

• Bla

Organic soils

• Bla

Sweden 28%

Finland 28%

Great Britain 15%

Norway 8%

Other 21%

Distribution of European organic soils

Source: L. Montanarella et al. (2006) The

distrbution of peatland in Europé. Mires and Peat,

vol 1.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) – ISO 14040

The environmental impact from bread

Cropping or animal husbandry

Processing and

packaging

Transports Waste management

Emissions

Energy and

materials

Climate impact per kg product

Source: LRF, 2002, LCA av sju livsmedel

Primaryproduction

flourincludingtransport

Primaryproduction

otheringredients

Bakary Packaging Distribution Retailer toconsumer

and cooking

GWP BREAD

Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide

Primaryproduction

Transport Sloughtery Packaging Distribution Retailer toconsumer

and cooking

GWP PORK

Primaryproduction

Transport Dairy Packaging Distribution Retailer toconsumer

GWP MILK

Primaryproduction

Transport Sloughtery Packaging Distribution Retailer toconsumer

and cooking

GWP BEEF

Carbon dioxide from organic soils

Vårkorn mulljord Vårkorn mineraljord

a Kolförluster

Indirekta lustgasemissioner

Direkta lustgasemissioner

Handelsgödsel prod + transp

Torkning

Fältoperationer

Source: Ahlgren et al. (2009); Berglund et al. (2009)

Spring barley

organic soil

Spring barley

mineral soil

Soil carbon losses

Indirect nitrous oxide emissions

Direct nitrous oxide emissions

Mineral fertilizer and transport

Drying

Field operations

Climate impact of consumption

Source: Naturvårdsverket, 2008, Konsumtionens klimatpåverkan

Climate impact from Swedish consumption

Housing

Traveling

Shopping

Eating

Neccessary to change consumption habits

Allowed emissions

More efficient production

Consumption changes

2 ton/capita and year

CO2 from organic soils

CO2 and CH2 animal husbandry

23% CH4 and N2O from manure

N2O arable land 32%

CO2 diesel and oil 12%

CO2 liming 1%

Measures to reach the climate goals

Increased meat consumption

Biofuels

The free bus to IKEA is

carbon neutral

Greenhouse gas emissions from biodiesel

The ethanol debate

Ethanol has a higher environmental impact

than petrol

The ethanol debate

Ethanol is better for the environment than

petrol

Land use change

• Direct (LUC) • Indirect (iLUC)

www.jncc.defra.gov.uk

www.actionaid.org

Indirect land use change

Increased demand

for crop A

Decreased

demand for

crop A

Intensified

production of

crop A

Production of

crop A on

”new” land

Production of

crop A instead

of crop B

Decreased

demand for

crop B

Intensified

production of

crop B

Production of

crop B on

”new ”land

Production of

crop B instead

of crop C

And so on….

Increased demand for crop A can have many different effects. Light blue boxes

indicate direct land use change (dLUC), dark blue boxes indicates land use

changes.

Indirect land use effects

Source: JRC (2010)

Förbränning av 1 MJ diesel, 84 g CO2e/MJ

Swedish biofuels

Reasons for adopting biofuels

• Secure energy supply • Decrease greenhouse gas emissions • Stimulate the agricultural sector

What is the effect on food security?

Energy supply

Effect on the food security

Biofuels produced from by-products

Energy crops in Sweden

Grain for ethanol ; 25000

Grain for CHP; 5000

Oil crops for RME; 25000

Salix for CHP; 14000

Reed canary-grass; 600

Ley for biogas; 300 Arable land use for bioenergy

in Sweden 2006 —approx.

70 000 ha or 3% of the arable

Energy crops in Sweden- Potential energy production

Is organic better?

”Organic food is not more

climate friendly”

• Approx. the same climate

impact per kg product

but...

• No pesticides

• Improves the nutrient cycling

• Better animal care

• More biodiversity

Organic farming is an important initiative for a more sustainable

Agriculture, but not the whole solution to the problem!

Conventional and organic farming

Koldioxid

Conventional farming

Nitrogen from the air+ energy

Conventional and organic farming

Koldioxid

Organic farming

Recirculation of nutrients

½ m2 for green manure

Bread or fuel– Is that a relevant question?

• 70% of the arable land is used for animal production globally • 1-2% of the arable land is used for biofuels

A more relevant question would be: –Meat, fuel or organic

Questions

Thank you!

bread or fuel cimate imapct from arable land -...

Documents

climate change: implications for defence. key findings from...

butterflies of the adelaide region educaio cimate change...

rhabdomyolysis and it’s imapct on renal...

sectoral imapct and fact n figures

ceew dbtl impact assessment - distributor...

nes measuring imapct jan 2012

topic 1 lecture 3-application imapct of mas&t

cimate change

imapct of mis

research project on imapct of celebrity on brands

ajami et al., 2012. seasonalizing mountain system recharge...

champion change - x362.blob.core.windows.net€¦ · ngage...

measuring the imapct of business...

theories of leadership -...

cimate change 101 updated may 2010

aids imapct on children of africa by photos richard close...

introduction to permaculture -...

apache struts understanding how apache struts...

final environmental imapct assessment...

impact growth reit investor presentation 8 march...