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Site Identification and Optimal Plant Design for
Onshore and Offshore Wind Plants
Arno J. Brand
ECN Wind Energy
2 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Outline
Site identification
Site characteristics
Optimal plant design
3 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Site identification
∗ Design drivers
∗ Wind resource assessment
∗ Topography and land/sea use
Site characteristics
Optimal plant design
4 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Site identification
Site characteristics
∗ Turbulence and stratification
∗ Recovery distances
Optimal plant design
5 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Site identification
Site characteristics
Optimal plant design
∗ Optimal spacing
∗ Optimal hub height
∗ Experience
∗ Turbine layout
6 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Design drivers
Site identification
Annual Energy Production Cost Of Energy Predictability and Variability
depending on
Wind resource Topography and land/sea use Grid – Proximity and capacity Access – Roads, harbours, … Environmental and permitting constraints Turbine choice and layout
Mean wind
Turbulence
Seconds … Years
7 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Design drivers
Site identification
Annual Energy Production Cost Of Energy Predictability and Variability
depending on
Wind resource Topography and land/sea use Grid – Proximity and capacity Access – Roads, harbours, … Environmental and permitting constraints Turbine choice and layout
Mean wind
Turbulence
Seconds … Years
8 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Wind resource assessment
Site identification
Desk top studies
Examine maps of mean wind speed Inspect wind resource tables Analyse wind time series
Source: Risø
9 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Wind resource assessment
Site identification
Desk top studies
Examine maps of mean wind speed Inspect wind resource tables Analyse wind time series
10 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Wind resource assessment
Site identification
Desk top studies
Examine maps of mean wind speed Inspect wind resource tables Analyse wind time series
Onshore
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wind Speed [m/s]
Frequency Offshore
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Wind Speed [m/s]
Frequency
11 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Wind resource assessment
Site identification
Site calibration
Long-term versus short-term Measurement site versus plant site
Source: KNMI
12 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Topography and land/sea use
OffshoreOnshore
Conditions Complex Flat
Forested
Site identification
13 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Turbulence and stratification
Site characteristics
OffshoreOnshore
Conditions
StableUnstableStratification
LowHigh MediumTurbulence
Complex Flat
Forested
14 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Recovery distances
LongShort MediumRecovery distances
OffshoreOnshore
Conditions
StableUnstableStratification
LowHigh MediumTurbulence
Complex Flat
Forested
Site characteristics
15 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Optimal spacing
Optimal plant design
LongShort MediumRecovery distances
OffshoreOnshore
Conditions
7D … 10D
6D … 7D
4D … 5D 5D … 7D
2D … 3D 4D … 5D
Optimal spacing
Most frequent wind directions
Least frequent wind directions
StableUnstableStratification
LowHigh MediumTurbulence
Complex Flat
Forested
16 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Optimal hub height
Optimal plant design
LongShort MediumRecovery distances
20 + D/2D 2h + D/2 DOptimal hub height
OffshoreOnshore
Conditions
7D … 10D
6D … 7D
4D … 5D 5D … 7D
2D … 3D 4D … 5D
Optimal spacing
Most frequent wind directions
Least frequent wind directions
StableUnstableStratification
LowHigh MediumTurbulence
Complex Flat
Forested
17 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Experience
Optimal plant design
Row effect
Array effect
Neighbour effect
18 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
0%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Position in row
Production
Experience – Row effectSecond or third turbine suffers most
Optimal plant design
Turbine layout
x
x
x
x
Limit for large number of wind turbines
Actual loss depends on spacing and wind speed
0
90
180
270 Wind direction
19 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Experience – Array effectLarge production variation when wind direction not constant
Optimal plant design
Turbine layout
x
xx
x0%
100%
0 90 180 270 360
Wind direction
Production
0
90
180
270 Wind direction
20 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Experience – Neighbour effectLower production when wind farms closely spaced
Optimal plant design
0%
100%
0 90 180 270 360
Wind direction
Production
Right Wind Farm
Left Wind Farm
Actual loss depends on distance, layout and wind speed
Turbine layout
x
x
0
90
180
270 Wind direction
Impact on annual energy production depends on wind rose
21 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Turbine layout
Optimal plant design
• Consider constraints• Determine primary axis• Determine secondary axis• Create/Disturb regular pattern
22 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Turbine layout
Optimal plant design
• Consider constraints• Determine primary axis• Determine secondary axis• Create/Disturb regular pattern
23 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Turbine layout
Optimal plant design
• Consider constraints• Determine primary axis• Determine secondary axis• Create/Disturb regular pattern
24 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Turbine layout
Optimal plant design
• Consider constraints• Determine primary axis• Determine secondary axis• Create/Disturb regular pattern
25 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Turbine layout
Optimal plant design
• Consider constraints• Determine primary axis• Determine secondary axis• Create/Disturb regular pattern
26 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Optimised turbine layout
Optimal plant design
Maximise AEP by using wind farm design tools
State of the Art versus Trends Wake combination models Computational Fluid Dynamics solutions
Advantages versus Disadvantages Level of detail Accuracy
27 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Optimised turbine layout
Optimal plant design
WakeFarm model
Nysted wind farm
28 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Optimised turbine layout
Optimal plant design
Navier Stokes solver
29 Outline - Site identification - Site characteristics - Optimal plant design - Summary
Summary
Site identification
Select best sites – Desk top studies and Site calibration Site characteristics
Determine recovery distances Optimal plant design
Maximise Annual Energy Production
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