bones of the face
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Bones of the Face• External (landmark) Bones of the Face
– Incisive (2)– Lacrimal (2)– Mandible (1 or 2)– Maxillary (2)– Nasal (2)– Zygomatic (2)
• Internal (hidden) Bones of the Face– Palantine (2)– Pterygoid (2)– Turbinates (4)– Vomer (1)
External Bones of the Face• Incisive:
– Also called pre__________ bones
– Most ___________ skull bones
– In common domestic animals, this bone houses upper incisor teeth. (Ruminants have a dental pad instead)
• Nasal:– Forms the _________ of
the nose.– Length depends on the
animal.
External Bones of the Face
• Maxillary– Form the ________ jaw with
incisive bone– House all teeth besides
incisors– Forms rostral part of
________ palate– contains maxillary sinus
• Lacrimal– Two bones that form
medial portion of the ________ of the eye.
– Contains lacrimal sac which is part of tear system.
External Bones of the Face• Zygomatic
– aka malar bones– form portion of orbit– join with temporal bone to form
zygomatic ______
• Mandible– lower jaw– houses all lower teeth– only __________ skull bone– forms TMJ with temporal bone– 2 bones come together at
mandibular ________________• fused into one bone in horses and
swine– 2 parts: ramus and shaft
• Ramus = caudal, vertical part• Shaft = contains teeth, horizontal
part
Internal Bones of the Face
• ____________________ Bones:– Make up caudal part of _____
palate
• ____________________ Bones:– Support part of the lateral
walls of the ________ (throat).
• ____________________Bone:– Forms part of nasal septum
(midline wall between left and right nasal passages).
• _____________________:– Also called nasal conchae.– Thin and scroll-like that fill
most of nasal cavity space.
Hyoid Bone• Also called hyoid
_____________• Supports base of tongue, the
pharynx, and the larynx and assists in swallowing.
• Composed of several parts that are united by cartilage.
Spinal Column (aka vertebral column)
• Vertebrae that extend from skull to tip of tail.• Divided into 5 sections:
– Cervical (neck, C)– Thoracic (chest, T)– Lumbar (abdomen, L)– Sacral (pelvis, S)– Coccygeal (tail, Cy)
• Refer to vertebrae by letter designation and number designation.
• Body– The main, ventral portion
of the bone.– Separated from other
vertebrae by intervertebral ________ of _________ cartilage.
• Arch– dorsal to body– helps to make up _______
________ which allows passage of the spinal cord.
VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS
VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS
• Transverse Processes– Two processes that
project laterally – Site of muscle
attachment.
• Articular Processes– On cranial and caudal
ends of vertebrae, form intervertebral joint
• Spinous Processes– Single and projects
dorsally
Cervical Vertebrae• Neck region• ______ vertebrae in all domestic
animals
• _________ is C1– Holds up head.– Has ________ that can be palpated– Has no vertebral body, just is a
ring which spinal cord passes through.
• ________ is C2– Has large blade-like spinous
process and a ______ that fits into atlas
Thoracic Vertebrae• Chest region• Have tall __________ processes.• Number of vertebrae = number
pairs of _______• Have articular facets which
communicate with the ribs.
• Dorsal to abdominal region.• Most massive-looking bones in
spinal column.• Bodies are large and bulky• Prominent cranial-directed
___________ processes
Sacral Vertebrae
• 3 - 5 vertebrae fused together to form one single, solid structure.
• Called the _________.• Joins pelvis via sacroiliac joint.
Bones of the tail. Cranial vertebrae have
arches, bodies and processes, caudal vertebrae are rods of bone
In humans fuse into coccyx.
Ribs• Flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax.
• Usually the number of ribs is equal to the number of thoracic vertebrae.
• Dorsal ends form moveable joints which is allows lungs to expand.
• Term for rib is ____________.• ____________ ribs aka “true
ribs” attach to sternum• ____________ ribs aka “false
ribs”make up caudal part of thorax.
• Unattached ribs are called ____________ ribs.
STERNUM Breastbone Made up of sternebrae. Most cranial sternebrae is
_________________ Most caudal sternebrae is called
_____________ process.
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