biology capitulo8- una introducción al metabolismo

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

!"#$#%&Eighth Edition

Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

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Una introducción a metabolismo

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Panorama: La energía en los sitemas vivos

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Concepto 8.1: El metabolismo de un organismo, sujeto a las leyes de termodinámica, transforma la materia y energía

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La organización química de la vida es el resultado rutas metabólicas

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Formas de Energía

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Leyes de la transformación de energía

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– La energía se puede transferir y transformar, pero no se puede crear o destruir

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– Cada transferencia o transformación de energía aumenta la entropía (desorden) del universo

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Orden y Desorden biológico

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Concepto 8.2: El cambio en energía libre de una reacción nos dice si la reacción ocurre o no espontáneamente

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Cambio en energía-libre, G

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Energía libre, estabilidad, y equilibrio

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Energía libre y Metabolismo

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Concepto 8.3: ATP promueve el trabajo celular a través del acoplamiento de reacciones exergónicas y endergónicas

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La estructura e hidrolisis de ATP

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Regeneración del ATP

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Concepto 8.4: Las enzimas aceleran las reacciones metabólicas al bajar barreras energéticas

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Las enzimas son específicas para los substratos

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K N($$(3Z7B,5"B(3--,D1+1-+%)2%&*1&.+4+(*)8.%+F)69$0.%+1-+-)(1*+10&$D.+4+,'+8.%$0$3'+F),+M10$-$&1+-1+J12$-$:1:+:,+-1+,'>$91+81*1+01&1-$>1*+-1+*,100$3'

P$("+QR!H

?,01+@(+/

=5+"H/31"+/

678&2/ 678&2/W1,01+@(+/5#2)$/\

D0ED(E

Catálisis en lugar activo de la Enzima

K ='+)'1+*,100$3'+,'>$9G&$01O+,-+%)2%&*1&.+%,+)',+1-+-)(1*+10&$D.+

K =-+%$&$.+10&$D.+8),:,+21?1*+-1+21**,*1+:,+-1+=A

1+&*1D7%+:,

– W*$,'&1*+-.%+%)2%&*1&.%+0.**,0&19,'&,

– P.*>1*+-.%+,'-10,%+:,+-.%+%)2%&*1&.%

– C*.D,,*+)'+9$0*.R192$,'&,+M1D.*12-,

– P.*91*+)'+,'-10,+0.D1-,'&,+0.'+,-+%)2%&*1&.

P$("+QR!I

?,01+@(+/1

678&2/

A@#B,5+13(@/@/$/(1/BL

A@#B,5+1

?,01+@(+/13(@/5#7H/@+/B3+#)@#B,5+1L

=5+"H/31"+/35(73$#M/@36=(7B31)//B3,)3(3@/(5+"#7L

?,01+@(+/13I/$B3"73(5+"H/31"+/30&3M/(J"7+/@(5+"#71_31,5I3(13I&B@#%/730#7B13(7B"#7"530#7B1L

?,01+@(+/13/7+/@3(5+"H/31"+/g3/78&2/35I(7%/131I()/31,5I3+I(+3"+13(5+"H/31"+//7K#$B13+I/31,01+@(+/13D"7B,5/B3K"+EL

=5+"H/1"+/3"1

(H("$(0$/K#@3+M#37/M1,01+@(+/2#$/5,$/1L

678&2/W1,01+@(+/5#2)$/\

Efectos de las Condiciones Locales en la Actividad de la Enzima

K N1+10&$D$:1:+,'>$9G&$01

8),:,+%,*+1M,0&1:1+8.*+

– P10&.*,%+192$,'&1-,%+0.9.+-1+&,98,*1&)*1+4+,-++8d

– U.98),%&.%+F)69$0.%+F),+$'M-)4,'+1+-1+,'>$91

Efectos de Temperatura y pH

K U1:1+,'>$91+&$,',+)'1+&,98,*1&)*1+4+8d

38&$9.%+1-+0)1-+M)'0$.'1

P$("+QR!Q

>(+/3#K3@/(5+"#7

R)+"2($3+/2)/@(+,@/3K#@/78&2/3#K3+I/@2#)I"$"5

DI/(+W+#$/@(7+E30(5+/@"(33333333333

R)+"2($3+/2)/@(+,@/3K#@+&)"5($3I,2(73/78&2/

D(E3R)+"2($3+/2)/@(+,@/3K#@3+M#3/78&2/1

D0E3R)+"2($3)Q3K#@3+M#3/78&2/1

>(+/3#K3@/(5+"#7

R)+"2($3)Q3K#@3)/)1"7D1+#2(5I3/78&2/E

R)+"2($3)QK#@3+@&)1"7D"7+/1+"7($/78&2/E

N/2)/@(+,@/3Dh'E

)QTa;:9U d i - j 9U

U :U aU -UdU 9UU

Cofactores

K '#K(5+#@/13%.'+14):1'&,%+'.R8*.&,$0.%+

K U.M10&.*,%+8),:,'+%,*+$'.*(G'$0.%+Y,?O+)'+9,&1-+,'+M.*91+$3'$01Z+)+.*(G'$0.%+

K )'+0.M10&.*+.*(G'$0.+%,+--191+)'1+5#/78"2(

K U.,'>$91%+$'0-)4,'+-1%+D$&19$'1%

Inhibidores Enzimáticos

K Z7I"0"B#@/135#2)/+"+"H#13%,+)','+1-+-)(1*+10&$D.+:,+-1+,'>$91O+0.98$&$,':.+0.'+,-+%)2%&*1&.

K Z7I"0"B#@/13`#W5#2)/+"+"H#13%,+)','+1+.&*1+81*&,+:,+-1+,'>$91O+01)%1':.+F),+-1+,'>$91+0192$,+:,+M.*91+4+,-+-)(1*+10&$D.+%,+&.*'1+9,'.%+,M,0&$D.

K =?,98-.%+:,+$'J$2$:.*,%/+&.;$'1%O+D,','.%O+8,%&$0$:1%O+4+1'&$2$3&$0.%

P$("+QR!a

D(E3`#@2($30"7B"7% D5E3`#75#2)/+"+"H/3"7I"0"+"#7D0E3'#2)/+"+"H/3"7I"0"+"#7

`#75#2)/+"+"H/3"7I"0"+#@

=5+"H/31"+/'#2)/+"+"H/3"7I"0"+#@

?,01+@(+/

678&2/

Concepto 8.5: La regulación de la actividad enzimática ayuda a controlar el metabolismo

K =;$%&$*61+)'+01.%+F)69$0.+,'+-1%+07-)-1%+%$+-1%+*)&1%+9,&123-$01%+'.+%.'+*,()-1:1%

K L'1+07-)-1+--,D1+1+012.+0.'&*.-+1+&*1D7%+:,+-1+10&$D10$3'+4+:,%10&$D10$3'+:,+(,',%+F),+0.:$M$01'+81*1+8*.&,6'1%+.+8.*+-1+*,()-10$3'+:,+-1+10&$D$:1:+:,+-1%++,'>$91%

Regulación Alosterica

K @/%,$(5"473($#1+/@"5(

8),:,+$'J$2$*+.+

,%&$9)-1*+-1+10&$D$:1:+:,+)'1+,'>$91

K W0)**,+0)1':.+)'1+9.-70)-1+*,()-1:.*1+%,+)',+1+)'1+8*.&,6'1+4+1M,0&1+-1+M)'0$3'+,'+.&*.+-)(1*+:,+-1+8*.&,6'1

Activación e Inhibición Alosterica

K N1%+,'>$91%+F),+%.'+*,()-1:1%+:,+,%&1+M.*91+,%&G'+J,0J1%+:,+%)2R)'$:1:,%+:,+8.-$878&$:.%+

K U1:1+,'>$91+&$,',+M.*91%+10&$D1%+,+$'10&$D1%+

K N1+)'$3'+:,+)'+10&$D1:.*+,%&12$-$>1+-1+M.*91+10&$D1

K N1+)'$3'+:,+)'+$'J$2$:.*

,%&12$-$>1+-1+M.*91+

$'10&$D1

P$("+QR<b=$$#1+/@"5

/7&82/M"+I3K#,@31,0,7"+1

=5+"H/31"+/D#7/3#K3K#,@E

>/%,$(+#@&1"+/3D#7/#K3K#,@E

=5+"H/3K#@2=5+"H(+#@

?+(0"$"8/B3(5+"H/3K#@2

R15"$$(+"#7

`#7WK,75+"#7($(5+"H/1"+/

Z7I"0"+#@Z7(5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3"7(5+"H/

D(E3=$$#1+/@"5

(5+"H(+#@13(7B3"7I"0"+#@1

?,01+@(+/

Z7(5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3(5+"H/K#@2

D0E3'##)/@(+"H"+&G3(7#+I/@3+&)/3#K3($$#1+/@"5

(5+"H(+"#7

P$("+QR<b1

D(E3=$$#1+/@"5

(5+"H(+#@13(7B3"7I"0"+#@1

Z7I"0"+#@`#7WK,75+"#7($(5+"H/1"+/

?+(0"$"8/B3"7(5+"H/K#@2

Z7(5+"H/3K#@2

R15"$$(+"#7

=5+"H(+#@=5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3(5+"H/3K#@2

>/%,$(+#@&1"+/3D#7/#K3K#,@E

=$$#1+/@"5

/78&2/M"+I3K#,@31,0,7"+1

=5+"H/31"+/D#7/3#K3K#,@E

K '##)/@(+"H"12#3,%+)'1+M.*91+:,+*,()-10$3'++1-.%&,*$01

F),+198-$M$01+-1+10&$D$:1:+:,+-1++

,'>$91+

K ='+0..8,*1&$D$%9.O+-1+)'$3'+:,+)'+%)2%&*1&.+1+)'+-)(1*+10&$D.+,%&12$-$>1+M1D.*12-,9,'&,+4+.0)**,'+0192$.%+:,+M.*91+,'+&.:1%+-1%+%)2)'$:1:,%

P$("+QR<b2

D0E3'##)/@(+"H"+&G3(7#+I/@3+&)/3#K3($$#1+/@"5

(5+"H(+"#7

?+(0"$"8/B3(5+"H/K#@2

?,01+@(+/

Z7(5+"H/3K#@2

Identificación de Reguladores Alostericos

K ^,()-1:.*,%+1-.%&,*$0.%

%.'+1&*10&$D.%+81*1+-1+

$':)%&*$1+M1*9107)&$01+8.*+%)+*,()-10$3'++,'>$9G&$01

K e'J$2$0$3'+:,+-1%+f01%81%1%g

14):1'+1-+91',?.+

:,+*,%8),%&1%+$'M-191&.*$1%

P$("+QR<!

>6?kYN?

6lA6>Z.6`N

'(1)(1/

9 =5+"H/1"+/

?Qm7#M73(5+"H/3K#@2

?,01+@(+/

?Q=5+"H/3K#@235(70"7B31,01+@(+/

?Q =$$#1+/@"50"7B"7%31"+/

m7#M73"7(5+"H/3K#@2 =$$#1+/@"5"7I"0"+#@ Q&)#+I/1"1G3($$#1+/@"5

"7I"0"+#@3$#5J13/78&2/"73"7(5+"H/3K#@2

'(1)(1/

=5+"H/3K#@2 =$$#1+/@"5($$&"7I"0"+/B3K#@2

Z7I"0"+#@Z7(5+"H/3K#@2

Inhibición por retroalimentación

K ='+7%&1+,-+8*.:)0&.+M$'1-+01'0,-1+-1+*)&1+9,&123-$01+

K =D$&1+F),+-1+07-)-1+91-(1%&,+*,0)*%.%"+

P$("+QR<<

Z7+/@2/B"(+/3'

P//B0(5J"7I"0"+"#7

Z1#$/,5"7/,1/B3,)30&5/$$

678&2/39D+I@/#7"7/B/(2"7(1/E

67B3)@#B,5+D"1#$/,5"7/E

678&2/3T

Z7+/@2/B"(+/3<

Z7+/@2/B"(+/3!

Z7+/@2/B"(+/3=

678&2/3a

678&2/3:

678&2/3;

Z7"+"($31,01+@(+/D+I@/#7"7/E

NI@/#7"7/"73(5+"H/31"+/

=5+"H/31"+/(H("$(0$/

=5+"H/31"+/3#K/78&2/3937#$#7%/@30"7B1+I@/#7"7/g)(+IM(&3"11M"+5I/B3#KKL

Z1#$/,5"7/0"7B13+#($$#1+/@"51"+/

Localización especifica de las Enzimas

K =%&*)0&)*1+:,'&*.+:,+-1+07-)-1+14):1+1+91'&,',*+,-+.*:,'+,'+-1%+*)&1%+9,&123-$01%+

K A-()'1%+%.'+81*&,+:,+-1+9,92*1'1+0,-)-1*

K ='+07-)-1%+,)01*$.'&,%O+1-()'1%+,'>$91%+,%&G'+,'+-.%+.*(G')-.%5+,?"+9$&.0.':*$.%

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