biodiesel production 2007-2008

Biodiesel Feed Stock, Production Technology

BIODIESEL CONCEPTDiesel (Petroleum derived) Oil When Substituted Partly or Wholly by a Liquid Fuel Derived from

Renewable Resource Materials

Rudolf Diesel First Demonstrated in 1900 that Renewable Resource Material like Groundnut

(Peanut) oil as a Fuel in Diesel Engine in Place of Petroleum Diesel Without any Problem.

Biodiesel

The present ConceptConversion of Oils/Fats to Alkyl Esters of

Monohydric Alcohols to overcome Problems of High Viscosity, High Boiling Point and Reactivity

make

Biodiesel is Now Defined Exclusively as the ‘Monoalkyl’ Esters of the Long Chain Fatty Acids

Derived from the Oils/Fats of Vegetable and Animal Origins that Fulfill almost all the Requirements of

Petroleum-Derived Diesels.

BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK(A) Oils & Fats of Plant And Animal Origins(B) Refinery byproducts like (1) Fatty Acid Distillates (FADs) (Palm FADs). (2)Acid Oils (Soyabean, Rice bran, Coconut, Mustard).(C) Used Oils Like Frying Oils.

CPO MILLING

TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL PRODUCTION

TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL PRODUCTION

separations

Triglyceride

LABORATORY SCALE PRODUCTION

ESTERIFICATION

Alcohol + Acid Ester + WaterThe reaction of fatty acid with an alcohol produces ester and water. The esters can be separated from the water because they have low solubility

in it.

Esters can be produced under conditions of low or high temperature and the crude product is distilled, bleached and deodorised as appropriate

before a pure ester is produced.

Chemical catalyst processBiocatalyst process

CATALYST

One Step Process with a Base Catalyst like Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide or their Alkoxides when the Oils/Fats are Refined (RBD).Two-Step Process on oils Containing FREE FATTY ACIDS

(I) Esterification with Conc. H2SO4, H3PO4

(ii) Transesterification with a base catalyst NaOH, KOH or High Pressure Esterification and Alcoholysis for straight way conversion to Biodiesel. 

Chemical Catalyst Process

One-Step Biocatalyst Process for Biodiesel Production

Simultaneous Esterification And Transesterification (Alcoholysis) of Triglyceride Oils.

Esterification

Lipase R.COOH + MeOH R.COOMe + H2O

CH2OCOR CH2OH Lipase

CHOCOR + 3MeOH 3 R.COOMe + CHOH CH2OCOR CH2OH

TRANSESTERIFICATION

Lipase

Candida Cylindraceae, Candida Rugosa, Candida Antartica &Lipase 3A (1,3-specific lipase)

A. Single Stage or Direct Transesterification (Alcoholysis) Process.

Refined or Neutral Oil (< 1.5% F.F.A.)

+Alcohol (Methanol) 1.6-2 Times

Chemical Process For Biodiesel Production

Theoretical Amount

Base Catalyst 500C-700C KOH OR NaOH 4-6 Hr.

  0.3-1.5% or NaOMe 0.5% or Less

ALKYL ESTER PRODUCT

Necessary Post-Treatment

BIODIESEL (95% yield of 97% purity)

1st STAGE ESTERIFICATION PROCESSAcid Catalyst + Alcohol (1.6-2

Times (Conc. H2SO4 the Th. Amount)

0.1-1% on F.F.A 1000-1200C/10-12 hrs.

Basis Or 600C/4-5 hrs.Or350C/2 hrs.1-2 hrs.

Ester Phase Glycerol Phase

B. TWO-STAGE (COMBINED ESTERIFICATION AND TRANSESTERIFICATION) PROCESS.

2nd STAGE TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESSESTER PHASE

Base Reflux Or at 600CCatalyst For 0.5-6hrs.

Alkyl Ester Phase Glycerol Phase

Purification Acidified

Final Ester Biodiesel Glycerol Phase Acidic Esters

Purification

AUTOCATALYTIC ESTERIFICATION PROCESS

Acidic Oils (>5% FFA) Or Acid Oils (>50% FFA)Esterifying Agent 1800C-2200CLike Glycerol 2-6 Torr,(Theoretical Or 6-12 hrs20-60% Excess Over theoretical

Neutral Oil Transesterification

Process

Methyl Ester Glycerol Purification (Recycled in the

Esterification) Biodiesel

Oil + Methanol (1:42 )300-5000C 300

Atmospheres Times 3-4

minutes

Methyl Esters (98% Conversion)

TRANSESTERIFICATION WITH SUPERCRITICAL METHANOL FOR

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Biodiesel By Blending of Vegetable Oil With Short Chain Alcohol and an Amphiphilic Compound Vegetable Oil

1-ALKANOL Methanol Or Ethanol 

Stable Solution (Liquid)(With Viscosity Sufficiently low for use as Diesel Fuel) 

Linolenic Acid < 12%

Methanol Content < 0.02%Monoglycerides > 1.0

Diglycerides > 0.25Triglycerides > 0.25Free Glycerol < 0.02

Total Glycerol < 0.38Alkali Metals < 5 ppm

Alkali Earth Metals < 5 ppmPhosphorus Content < 10 ppm

BIODIESEL STANDARDS

FEEDSTOCK• MINYAK NABATI KW 1 (FFA <5%)

• MINYAKNABATI KW 2 (FFA > 5%, <20%)

• MINYAK NABATI KW 3 (FFA>20, <70%)

• PFAD (FFA >70%)

• Esterifikasi

• Transesterifikasi

PROSES KIMIA

150 oC > 100 – 130 oC 50 – 80 oC + Catalyst 30 – 50 oC + Enzyme

Teknologi proses

Process conditions High temperature Medium temperature Low temperature + Catalyst Low temperature + Enzyme

METHANOLFEEDSTOCK

GLYCEROL / WATERBIODIESEL

Examples (Batch Reaction)   

Oil FFA(%) Yield of Methyl Ester(%)

Crude Palm Oil 4.5 96Crude Palm Stearin 3.8 98Rapeseed 3.2 95Sunflower 3.5 94Coconut 1.5 98Palm Kernel 3.2 98Soya bean 1.3 95Corn 9.6 96Tallow 3.9 93  

FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF METHYL ESTERS OF VARIOUS VEGETABLE OILS

CHARACTERISTICS TESTED METHYL DENSITY VISCOSITY CETANE HEATING

ESTER 150C 400C NUMBER VALUE

PALMOIL 0.872-0.877 4.3-4.5 64.3-70 32.4 MJ/L

COCONUT 0.872 2.7 62.7 30.8 MJ/L

METHYL DENSITY VISCOSITY CETANE HEATING

ESTER 150C 400C NUMBER VALUE

RAPESEED

(LEAR) 0.882 4.2 51.0-59.732.8MJ/L

SUNFLOWER 0.885 4.0 61.2 32.8MJ/L

SOYABEAN 0.880 4.0 45.7-56 32.7MJ/L

TYPICAL

DIESEL 0.830-0.840 2.0-3.5 51.0 35.5MJ/L

FUEL