bio 124 lab exam study

Domain Eukarya (Protists)

• Membrane bound nucleus

• Mitochondria and intercellular structures (endosymbiosis)

• Cytoskeleton

• Linear chromosomes

• Meiosis and mitosis

• 3 life cycles – diplontic – haplontic - diplohapontic

• 5 types – Mixotrophic – Algae – Protozoa –Absorptive protists – Plankton

Domain Eukarya

SupergroupExcavata

Kingdom Diplomonadida

NucleusIntercellular structuresCytoskeleton Linear chromosomesMeiosis and Mitosis

UnicellularFeeding groove down bodyFlagella

2 Identical haploid nucleiNo Meiosis and MitosisMany flagellumLack of intercellular structuresParasitesAnaerobicSimilar to bactirea

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Excavata• Kingdom Diplomonadida• Genus Giardia • Species Lamblia

“Beaver Fever”

Look for:• Two nuclei• Multiple flagellae• “face like” apperance

Only cyst can live outside host

Domain Eukarya

SupergroupExcavata

Kingdom Euglenozoa

NucleusIntercellular structuresCytoskeleton Linear chromosomesMeiosis and Mitosis

UnicellularFeeding groove down bodyFlagella

FlagellatesAll modes of nutritionFree-living, parasitic and pathogenic

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Excavata• Kingdom Euglenozoa• Phylum Kinetoplastida• Genus Trypanosoma

“African Sleeping Sickness”

Look for:• Purple squiggles (parasite) • Attached to pink disks (blood cells)• Ogopogo

Kinetoplast - crystalline form inside one large mitochondrion at the base of the flagellum. Contains extranuclear DNA

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Excavata• Kingdom Euglenozoa• Phylum Euglenophyta• Genus Euglena

“Euglena”

Look for:• Flagellum (pulling)• Red eyespot• Strange shaped chloroplasts• Speedy and look like pickles

Chamber from which flagella originate and mixotrophic, only in the absence of light, mostly autotrophic characteristics.

Domain Eukarya

SupergroupChromalveolata

Kingdom Alveolata

NucleusIntercellular structuresCytoskeleton Linear chromosomesMeiosis and Mitosis

Contain secondary endosymbiosisContain plastid

Alveoli, small cavities under plasma membrane Flagella Free-living, parasitic and pathogenic

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Chromalveolata• Kingdom Alveolata• Phylum Dinoflagellata• Genus Ceratium

“Red Tide”

Look for:• Transverse groove and perpendicular grove • Cellulose plates, can have spines/projections • 2 Flagella

Chlorophylls a and c, bioluminescent

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Chromalveolata• Kingdom Alveolata• Phylum Ciliophora• Genus Paramecium• Species Caudatum

“Paramecium”

Look for:• Cilia • Oral grove (gullet) – eating• Contractile vacuole – drinking• Quick • 2 types of nuclei Macro & Micro

Conjugation – sexual life cycle -Diploid micronuclei (meiosis) to haploid micronuclei, exchange genetic material w/ another (sex), micronuclear fusion (fertilization), to diploid micronucleus, old macronucleus disintegrates, new micronucleus becomes macro.

Domain Eukarya

SupergroupChromalveolata

Kingdom Stramenopila

NucleusIntercellular structuresCytoskeleton Linear chromosomesMeiosis and Mitosis

Contain secondary endosymbiosisContain plastid

Flagella with fine hair like projections“Stramenopila” or “Tinsel flagella”

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Chromalveolata• Kingdom Stramenopila• Phylum Bacillariophyta

“Diatoms”

Look for:• 2 symmetrical halves (valves)• Complex, perfect silica structure

• Oil – food storage, buoyancy • Laminarin – food storage, yellow colour• Diatomatious earth – diatom

shells, commercial uses (filtering, light abrasion)

• Asexual (most often) – 2 valves, box and lid, split, make another(sm) “lid” – when too small sexual reproduction occurs

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Chromalveolata• Kingdom Stramenopila• Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)• Genus Fucus

“Fucus”

Look for:• Dioecious, Diploid life cycle – diploid

multicellular organism, haploid gametes

• Holdfast, stipe(stem), air bladder, blades/lamina

Autotrophic, brown algae, containing fucoxanthin a pigment that absorbs blue and yellow-green wavelengths. Ideal for deep sea growth. Contain Laminarin (food storage) and Algin (gel texture, comercialuses)

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Chromalveolata• Kingdom Stramenopila• Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)• Genus Laminaria

“Kelp”

Look for:• Dioecious Heteromorphic

Diplohaplontic life cycle. Gametes and spores

• Holdfast, stipe(stem), air bladder, blades/lamina

Autotrophic, brown algae, containing fucoxanthin a pigment that absorbs blue and yellow-green wavelengths. Ideal for deep sea growth. Contain Laminarin (food storage) and Algin (gel texture, comercial uses)

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Chromalveolata• Kingdom Stramenopila• Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae)• Genus Nereocystis

“Bull Kelp”

Look for:• Dioecious Heteromorphic Diplohaplontic

life cycle. Gametes and spores• Holdfast, stipe(stem), air bladder,

blades/lamina

Autotrophic, brown algae, containing fucoxanthin a pigment that absorbs blue and yellow-green wavelengths. Ideal for deep sea growth. Contain Laminarin (food storage) and Algin (gel texture, comercial uses)

Domain Eukarya

SupergroupUnikonta

Kingdom Amoebozoa

NucleusIntercellular structuresCytoskeleton Linear chromosomesMeiosis and Mitosis

Flagella or Pseudopodia for movementVaried group

Pseudopodia Cytoplasmic streamingInner cytoplasm(sol) streaming through more rigid outer(gel), cytoplasm can covert from sol to gel

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Unikonta• Kingdom Amoebozoa• Phylum Myxogastrida• Genus Physarum• Species Polycephalum

“Slime Mold”

Look for:• Colourful netlike structure• Heteromorphic, Diplohaplontic

sporophytes and gametophytes look diff• Coenocytic/plasmodium, large single cell

with many nuclei

Cellulose in cell walls (not chitin like fungi) Glycogen used as food storage (like animals)

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Unikonta• Kingdom Amoebozoa• Phylum Gymnamoeba• Genus Amoeba

“Amoeba”

Look for:• Pseudopodia, false feet, used for

movement and Phagocytosis (feeding)• Contractile (water) and food vacuoles

Domain Eukarya

SupergroupArchaeoplastida

Kingdom Rhodophyta

NucleusIntercellular structuresCytoskeleton Linear chromosomesMeiosis and Mitosis

Primary EndosimbiosisContain plastidsChlorophyll AContain Cellulose and starch

2 Phycobilin pigmentsPhycocyanin and Phycoerythrin (also in cyanobacteria)No flagellaComplex sex cycle Red Algae

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Archaeoplastida• Kingdom Rhodophyta

“Red Algae”

Look for:• Multicellular • Red or dark colour• Coralline algae – cell walls

contain calcium carbonate

Contain Pectin, in cell walls, Agar, used as bacteria growth medium, and Carageenan, used to give smooth consistency to foods.

Domain Eukarya

SupergroupArchaeoplastida

Kingdom Chlorophyta

NucleusIntercellular structuresCytoskeleton Linear chromosomesMeiosis and Mitosis

Primary EndosimbiosisContain plastidsChlorophyll AContain Cellulose and starch

Green AlgeaChlorophyll BDiverseSimilarities to Kingdom PlantaeBridges the gap between single and multicellular

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Archaeoplastida• Kingdom Chlorophyta• Phylum Chlamydomonas

“Chlamydomonas”

Look for:• 2 Flagella – front end(pull)• Haplontic life cycle, diploid

zigote• Red eye spot, respond to

light, phototaxic

Contains Pyrenoids that produce and store starch

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Archaeoplastida• Kingdom Chlorophyta• Phylum Chlamydomonas (colony)

“Volvox”

Look for:• Intercellular communication: eyespots

lager on one side, coordinated flagella, directional movement, cells differentiated for reproduction

• Haplontic Life cycle both asexual and sexual.

Asexual – new daughter colonies inside parent until parent disintegratedSexual – eggs and sperm can survive freezing and drying, after hard times able to make new colonies

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Archaeoplastida• Kingdom Chlorophyta• Genus Spirogyra

“Spirogyra”

Look for:• Single cell, spiral, filamentous• Haplontic life cycle • Conjunction where 2 adjacent

filaments contents move trough a conjunctive tube. Haploid nuclei fuse creating a diploid zygote. Meiosis produces haploid cells and grow in to new filaments .

Contains Pyrenoids that produce and store starch

• Domain Eukarya• Supergroup Archaeoplastida• Kingdom Chlorophyta• Genus Ulva

“Ulva”

Look for:• Multicellular but only has 2 layers

of cells• Monoecious Isomorphic

Diplohapontic life cycle.

Found in shallow costal waters, has a small holdfast