behavior
Post on 16-Jan-2015
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What is Learning?“Learning can be defined as a change in
an individual caused by experience.”
Experience
Intentional
Unintentional
Stimuli
Behaviorism
DefinitionBehaviorism is a theory of animal and
human learning that only focuses on objectively observable behaviors and discounts mental activities.
Behavior theorists define learning as nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior.
Behaviorism
ConditioningExperiments by behaviorists identify conditioning as a universal learning process. There are two different types of conditioning, each yielding a different behavioral pattern:
BehaviorismClassical Conditioningoccurs when a natural reflex responds to a
stimulus. The most popular example is Pavlov's observation that dogs salivate when they eat or even see food.
Essentially, animals and people are biologically "wired" so that a certain stimulus will produce a specific response.
Pavlov & Classical Conditioning
Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Neutral StimulusConditioned Response
Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus +
Neutral stimulus = unconditioned response
Neutral stimulus = No response
Conditioned stimulus= Conditioned response
Thorndike: The Law of Effect
If an act is followed by a satisfying change in the environment, the likelihood that the act will be repeated in similar situations increases.
However, if the behavior is followed by an unsatisfying change, the chances of a repeat of behavior decreases.
Thorndike: The Law of Effect While Pavlov was concentrating on the
physiological responses of dogs in harnesses, Thorndike (1911) was studying the behavioural responses of cats in puzzle boxes. Instead of delivering food independently of behaviour whenever a signal had been presented, Thorndike delivered it once his animals had responded.
He called this learning“Trial and Error”
2nd Type of BehaviorismOperant Conditioning
occurs when a response to a stimulus is reinforced. Basically, operant conditioning is a simple feedback system: If a reward or reinforcement follows the response to a stimulus, then the response becomes more probable in the future.For example, leading behaviorist B.F. Skinner used reinforcement techniques to teach pigeons to dance and bowl a ball in a mini-alley.
Skinner: Operant ConditioningThey “operate” on the environment
without unconditioned stimuli (i.e. food)
Consequences Behavior
Skinner: Operant ConditioningThe “Air Crib”
Question
Can you think of unintentional operant conditioning which you have experienced or observed.
Remember that operant conditioning results from linking a behavior to its consequences.
Principles of Operant Conditioning:
Role of Consequences
Reinforcers (a consequence that strengthens a behavior)
Punishers (a consequence that weakens a behavior)
Principles of Operant Conditioning: Reinforcers
Primary (satisfy basic human needs) Food,water,security,warmth,sex)
Secondary(acquire value based upon association) Money, for example
Positive and Negative (escape an unpleasant consequence)
Premack Principle (eat your veggies)
Intrinsic and Extrinsic (external rewards)
Principles of Operant Conditioning: Punishers
A punisher weakens behaviorPresentationThe use of unpleasant consequences
(aversive stimuli)
RemovalTime Out
EffectsBased upon immediacy of consequences
Principles of Operant Conditioning:
Immediacy of Consequences
Immediate versus Delayed Consequences
Connection between Behavior and Consequence
Informational Value of Feedback
Principles of Operant Conditioning:
Shaping
Reinforcing Approaching Final Behavior
Breaking Task into Parts
Uses in the Classroom
Principles of Operant Conditioning:
Extinction
Extinction Burst
Consequences for Classroom Management
Principles of Operant Conditioning:
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
Principles of Operant Conditioning: Maintenance
Natural Reinforcers
Intrinsic Reinforcers
Resistance to Extinction
Principles of Operant Conditioning:
Role of Antecedents
Cueing
Discrimination
Generalization
Techniques for Increasing Generalization
Social Learning Theory: Bandura
Modeling
Phases of Observational Learning
Vicarious Learning
Self-Regulated Learning
Strengths and Limitations of Behavioral Learning TheoriesFirmly Established Basic Principles
Limited Scope
Social Learning Theory as Bridge between Behavioral and Cognitive Theories
Behaviorism
There have been many criticisms of behaviorism, including the following: Behaviorism does not account for all kinds of learning, since
it disregards the activities of the mind. Behaviorism does not explain some learning--such as the
recognition of new language patterns by young children--for which there is no reinforcement mechanism.
Research has shown that animals adapt their reinforced patterns to new information. For instance, a rat can shift its behavior to respond to changes in the layout of a maze it had previously mastered through reinforcements.
Behaviorism
How Behaviorism Impacts Learning This theory is relatively simple to understand because it relies only
on observable behavior and describes several universal laws of behavior.
Its positive and negative reinforcement techniques can be very effective--both in animals, and in treatments for human disorders such as autism and antisocial behavior.
Behaviorism often is used by teachers, who reward or punish student behaviors.
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